»)>d

) ) DMD DY 2D D> yD Dw» DBD

> WD) De

> Dd

~S ))

) IMD DY. D:

wp D
PY? >
PP PD»

YD *

yD D y
>»)

> ee

DW DD?I”LDYD D.

DDI» DD»

AS

i

' DIZDD D>

DD».

ES

)
»)

») -
Ly J
')
»)

yD

»»>.

yD Dy).

DY Iw»

DIyyY a
>_2 yy

yy >>».

»»> by

p)

awe

» >

DP 2
»

y
») D

3)
i‘ > oa << = m y . ‘ig >)

Rananonan

»)
yd DD

»)
Dee

ye

»»

SDI»? dD:

Dy)

Py DX

ye

by wy

»

) “oP: DD

> 2) PDD 2

‘AIS vA

Ran

»)

»)
DDDD»»:
> > DD BD».
yp
»»

») >> Dp =» pia vA Ny, ) Ms >
Gn ae <— » te
4 De 4

>)
2

SP 2.
>»)

>

»)

»D

ve)
‘>

YD)
»)
2
>

WIYD)
ye

De»? D)
> PD

»)
y —
yp
)))
a
)

p
yD» _D
>
DP Ly»)
» WY

—— Z
Dy

DDy I)
>

» >» ye:

py WY
»)

y
2) 1)
ee

YD) DD»)

DD YVDH DD
>
DDD Dy >> )

y")
:
py)
yp»

ne wt he al
ay

D YI >D>D DY

> DDD IW IY DD

y

»y IPD»)

»y

|

yy.

ry> WyD Jn
yy

By. |
>)
>
> 2
») poet
»)
x
2 wz mis e
>

J
»

OF wD Me

ae > >

a

»)

Soe Be fea 5 Na Aaah nan
aA AA Pppipe. oni Alin -N aan -F
Anan Mf Aa aes anf aah ‘ Aes S

. Ves | ; | fea
sand ny i & oe sesaiaassy aA Ange

>»

yD» DW yyy ) 4

>») \
>) ID) 2D DVDS
we y << ee a.

aed
>
RLY Lge
D>
dp
y
>
P20) D DD

D2) gp)

»
ip}

YD Vv —$

<>
eo

yy»? DD

DID D

AAARA, Aan ashaah asa BNA 1

>

“es JE) VD
WW»

D> >
»
a)
>)
> >»)
yd
yD)
a

>»
Lp
>»

DP I)D
P»D)))
5
>

J dwy
PI»,?
yD Jo) Dy»

fN ee AA Na

ABA J : Aaaaa AAR ARAAAARR RA ER 35> A/

FAR AARARS pAsaAar apart Wy aRAR eH 14 AE Aaalae
~ SF aN = f Ar sith arate WN NAY NAA oleae ~'7
SARA maaan AANA Taaanaase are An a’
pAANAAaAn Po ctccecce eae eee ECO Ay
t AAA aaa eae i Ly WAR RAACR AAR ARAL pay
QA ANAR pe AAP E Avr Rane ap AaAAaAsacAana. ANNA
Anan Areen An RARARAAAR. 1." ARAAARAR AR 28a P ln 4
MAA. | aARalaNAAAARAYY V CAAAA AV ORAAAAAR ARAN
wa TT |. ae A Al AAA: oC CN eA mA)
A A A - > - ‘a . la a

ame A pLnaAARAnAaahe’ ~/-

2
3 ra
AA

>») DDI w.

oa :

' PX “
Ar A AAA AAA AWA

5 AN ie Way ARAMA AA: } ya WSS F

NNN TY) Naw? AA A AWN NA RRR IO A a} ay
ANA OAAAA IAD IAAAAAAAA A 4 OAR AA ACA nanan
pan AAARAA AA AAARAAA AARAn aaa AAA AAA RAY
RAB aORADRARDR EL AAAAR aA nc no nc aseacaceanAne
AN ox 38 "ma SE AZAR ER tae nll | a nanNaa or oe
AR ANAR AEA AA al aie NAA CaamNal VA \aADaARI Aer
xe AAR ARRAQAA = elalatntotalats. NN AAA ARB RAA A.A
NWI DVAVAAAAAAMAAAADAR Aaah AMAA ACCA SD ¢

“
\
}
/

»
»
>.
J
=
3
) »p
2

)

ve)

A

p.
» >_D»Y

ID
> D)

>
y
»>
Pie)
p iby
af
wo )
n>
» »>
yD
>
)
>
>
29
yyy

y

ys
ae

SPD)
93D

DYDD
DED
} > Dy» /
DY PDI
» yay
D>
> p>)

Dp »))
DY.
bo »)

yp
»
>

> IW
D>

Do Ley».
DD DW
>» DYDD

DD py)

=

AARARA AgRaar>-
AF Anas ,

1 2

—

Ae
aaah

22) Oe

yy
)
»)
»
221
LE» sp» ;
D: >?
‘>
SQ) > Dae >:

) D>
DD:
+Ds
yD

»

DP)
I>
»)
e.
us
: Db) j- P=

y )
P )
>)
y
2»
)
») D yey)

iS)

BS.
1» IS
»)

> D»)
LD» we
»»
»»>»
>)
>
>
>
»)
»»)>
2
»y)

\

>)

>> DDD

1 ID DD». I» >
I> DI DIF D>

DIM SSB D > I)

>
aD
>
»)
2)
)
>
D>
>
»)
>
>
»
D)
yi

<i

yD

3
)
d
)
)
)
)
)
)

DD Dd
>)
Bi J ~< \
y)
yy
Da B-F 4
D>
yy
)
py)
»)
>
)
pay
wD)
»)
dy
»
»)
»)
»)

dead

D
D
yyy
3 Gree ) n
yp we »)) ~
YD

IANA AAA
AR AS
sa RAAP ARR

. ta *,
ie Oe Va Sy YY

FATA! \ Fa\ =o
‘ = } 4

p>) IE

’ Ds » >» ss
pepo dD

Rey AA aly .
ENN A SARA ARAM Ea. >n-
|

WARREN P a AiatAiase

Dy
yD » ge \

Le
> J
>
>
>)
>? sake
»>
DIY PW

p> ID Dye
WH) Doe wry 4
DP)

yy

rDPoD

y} D> J =p);
>
DV DoD

= Aa Ra aanens AAAAAARAaAAAL
\AAARAAR BAAR Aina AaAnA .

FANN an ERP NER ay AN lx

>)

» >> » >» »
y»™

PD») Dal

2 YD” _ DID)

De DMD) DED?
>» MODY oOo”
»
iD

>a)».

82 AA AAAAAAAA RA: AA AAA a! “p A aS
eV NGY ig VBA eo he Se VN rN NaN EN . aA me AA
rINN\ AMAR AR AAR Aa: lal eel AAR AAAARA
TC ia ca eA EA AAR Oa
Ay NY YN Sa Ana | a4 AAaaa
BAVARRAR Aa AA AABN AORAANAAAANA

») 2

)
<

D>»)
>>
D2
a
>» DID
ape
2D
yy»
Pp.
Dy

y)
py _
ec

2»)

> D a
Dd»
»
"y)

>) >>)
yo Do) »y

>) We 4 y Na

) D2
») »)
wD)
DPD
Os Sy
y>

> >2

—
>»
} b> ) DD)

> IY»
»

a
PPP)
D2 yy dD
YY DIY YDS
yD
D> FJ
DD aD.
a) i) ) )
>)
py
DIDS
DIV 5
JD DY
»>
ae
2D) ))
»)
>.

yp
de
=

PP >
yD) DW.

PDD

» IW)

a>»

»_?:

~eo

~

»)

i)

DD».

DIED DY
DIDDY YPIY I) Dd ~~
»
WD. DW)

yp
» Dp.
yp
y>
»)
)
>

Dy) > Dyyo-> ay»

—

p))
Bw DID)

> Dipr> >

JPY)»

ID

>D»D-
>

2»

2D
Dy DD»

a

DIXIWYM ID PI

PID?»
DIDI Ws

12D

i
XA

’

DDD

»»)
yy)
»
»))

\

) a
yp
>

IY
Dp)

pare

4

y
HID

4
I> D>:

ranavAaAaaaas

YY BA ARN

VyAaaaaar ‘AAA

eae,

WR

+ 3
eae
‘

mens ©

UK, RA ine a
63D CONGRESS \ HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES J Document
2d Session t No. 585

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

GEORGE OTIS SMITH, Director

PROFESSIONAL PAPER 81

CRETACEOUS DEPOSITS OF THE EASTERN
GULF REGION

AND

SPECIES OF EXOGYRA FROM THE EASTERN GULE
REGION AND THE CAROLINAS

BY

- LLOYD WILLIAM STEPHENSON

WASHINGTON
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
1914

63D CONGRESS | . > OF REPRESE? TES § DocumMENT
Dal Cesta HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 1 No. 585

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

GEORGE OTIS SMITH, Director

PROFESSIONAL PAPER 81

CRETACEOUS DEPOSITS OF THE EASTERN
GULF REGION

AND

SPECIES OF EXOGYRA FROM THE EASTERN GULF
REGION AND THE CAROLINAS

BY

LLOYD WILLIAM STEPHENSON

WASHINGTON
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
1914

BD VINA Se PRA!

CONTENTS.

Page.

IBIS Foe aus gcc] COd 0 COS Gene NSE ae eee ae eae eae i sae Siar ts en RENE DRS Beate, Bre oti Sone AS A ke 7
CretaceousidepositstolsthereasternGuli-recion.. 242. 82.22 2a eee eee eee ee ee See 9
Object amdsscop eyo tet eieryo tke ee oe oho ac ae eget Sey ere re oe eee ae ee ars eae 9
hasiian depresentEMbeEDLetatl ON? =. ec. ok cece cee cee eo on oS ee oe ee ee ee 10
IbONnG? COREIKCBOUS, odococe de Caen ae teen em ee ene a UC ees Gee peau rene A Ue oct 10
Wishes? Ora GCONS 5 o= pa deen ee ee oe teak Ao REO wR EY EN Nh coe bobeae 11
JDEIRT CONG NTOIS 6 okae aaa ae ane ne eee ine aan Sow Ar mine Gee Ber OS EES Be es soane 1
IMeortOMESRCORKE AGL OM: 2 2 aszjssors Fajsiciz cs SAI SE Ee ee a eee 11

MT OTM VASE CASSIE CALI OT sjeidi o'n,a a ave a Seal sk = cone ee OR SO eRe = Soe a 12

Witnelnalls: Glasibavest tel area tere serene Solan ts a Ue anes on bo aadcse meconadasaccnk sasssee ac 12

iil gar dastcassitveation: <2. 02. Ss nhs ek sec tose ee oer Se ee aR eee ere 12

Sraiiin eiagl Jolemgons G bissiate yon cece sea odessa cee soseoecaaossoeuesseacebasoadicsanoune 12

Atuscalloose, aml Imimyy7 keane yun eee an ene sear a sedacsososonnadsseceauascobeases saadeoesscesace 12
BAS Ge COTUGT ON BMS ISS 190 PT je ccrel= fa che oye 5! aces =p eR eee TSI Ns ee ee Pee 12
WiestermpAllalbama)...-..-s20--,2-5252-25 BA ye GOMER Se ae ae IEE SE apa ae Beas Assos mabe 13

Nerdy ustimemtrormtine momenclature se sac sss after reeset (ere ager ayaa fea 13

HH Mbemigo fables musa oosay 1Orbn AbLOme ae ee er ee ee eee ees on eee 14

Baier Of (ne: JBiiehar Mowe Hse aes eee ca eee on qwoneba ss soesceAesdacaun sakes teaneasooscce 14

Selmagehallikteemee fore ca Sta AE SEE Ee Ss GR ake 0 eae eS 15

INGING 5. 5.9 SS SG ESS ae oP ENO a Ait Ue aed ee BG isqdca.s anaae eae 5

TOR doco nSig Co ae Nene To SS Eee Senne Non mene P aa Nr she BSE Sea ee sue 5

CHEECH a Seas ais eee aS IER thes ee eo ee GON eS a ae URL Gp gecuaseeeseee 15

ILiingllogiie sulsebhiatromtBagaecewsee see ee aachaatoacsaashedeccasuacscanaas See A Stee eee ae 16

ND SOS ELON arses ste sivas sied a Sicha are Mig eee ea Sea eee Se Loe eee oe en ae Ree So ae elec 16
HAleOULOlOs1 CSU CkVAISIONS oc. =o cee < Goes eee oe = ee ee er 17

RIP eye ORMatlOMns sa = sass - 52+ e aes ene aS ES AestiSa a Ss See et cre Se Senn eee 17

INDISSISST 0011 Ot Renee eee no eet RUE anna a ace ara aac S ancdneneaacecs- 17
wRetmesseerandsnorth ward. < esa. sect sec eee ee De ee eee Ole Cee eee 17

PANT ao aim ayer UGE OT OIA <= S25 aire syeis m sie) feats mes OS epee soe me Bel eracee eR eee ee 18

SUMMA VAC MP LCSEM ACL ASSUT Cay bl OMe ace ac steele pe eretees cia Eee Te re ee 19
General sequence 19
Lower Cretaceous 20
Upper Cretaceous......-..-..-.---- SES oe ae pe hn Het erreae See Gnamnieneke ote caches BO shape (Oran cts 20
huscaloosapormation”... 22+... Sasso. eee neta Decade dees ore 2 RO Ee Soe Noe Aaya eee 20

HSU beu yap LOIN ALLO INE Soa is Sei ie cette oy cae pet te A c he SA Se ta SSS Sr see 20
Pyyplcallibeds: 3.5. 2x se< nu Wate tance ee ce etn oie eee DER Sas eee Eee Ee eee Beene 20
omibicbeeysand: members sapys\scetere ss eee crete Natale ears tte ee eee 21

Goffeetsand members)... -casc) fone a2 5 le See nee e ASE Sse See see sees eee ee Se Rees 21

Selman chal oo. acs sc'e apahe oa neem Aas Mae eR ORS SEE SCS ES RSE CR SSR Se sees See ene 21

Le yerONMM ALON Ss = se ssi stars yei aera Steerer ee ke Sa ee eee Ee ee EO ee ee ee ene 21
Mississippi, Tennessee, Kentucky, and Mlinois: 2. 25. 2522 5252-0- 222 aes eee 21

Mp UCAll DOS: a e.z Bash tees ee eee see aI ol MELE ato stg Ag nS eS alee ee 21

INGEN Epi ALP hate kame KAR sana sabes ones area ee one eSaeSosneT coo acosesacseasorscnsssesnss 22

Wabama and Georgiadis. chess 35a een cas 7~ Se Sane mise cee Nenad Aa emer ina eee eon oe eRe sen 22

Mbypical’ boda = ctererrte eee see eee ee es Se Ses eye me es CTR oI Es eran 22

Cusseta sandsmembermesencks sie end oseecigo ere see at een eee eae a eee oc eeae 22
Providenceisandmember is aise ees Sse ae See eSe ane eee se eee ees eee 22

Sane el tic Beteoaacod conde dacoe Ss Seas sesaabn ee cass asccanss s6a6 Seu dose ao eces saeceSSueceease 22
Haim ale Zones;an Cys b ZONES sateen eye ee etre te eee eet rea ee eee oe ee eee 23
Siratiorap hic rel at Lor sere pepe ee ee eri rate oe esol Se oe eee ee 23
TStyseull oe IHRE Sopdocasds ead nuoonGnore seeasne boc Janos Ser au eso es asce shea GuSN ope Specs scaassscess 23

4 CONTENTS.

Cretaceous deposits of the eastern Gulf region—Continued.

Faunal zones and subzones—Continued. Page.
Mistubutonsandiranre loth elspeclessass sass epee eeeine ee eee eee eee eeecee eee e sere eer ee cere 23
iBasalybeds\otath er utawplormatlonsesesceen cee cece eee coer eee e Cole ee renee ene ee eee eaee 25

Rangeronitheyspecles see ee see oss eyo 5 ae ee Oe ee ee ee eee eee 25
Correlation Seon toce sete ee tee ie oie a in OS Se Ie eye TE SES TEE OY SE Oe EE 25
Invertebratess jsausaceite ae SoS ie Sle Se ea ee eee te CEE eee 25

IPI ant 8 2) -sopyss cee lobe seals tis inne; ese Meas ee eee eee clans 52 eae ene ee eee 26

Werte brates so 21526 cay. ci nticie aie lo ST a ot ee Nl coe Swi EE ROO Soe eee 27

YE ZOGYT. A PONGETOSG! ZONE) sacra arceciespsistss Done eels os. Hastie eRe ne aeele Fae 2, ~ 212 eee ee eee 27
Rangeolithe ispecies: 4 s-e ase snes eee StS SEE ee Ere diners Sic chsig ie ae eee eee ab 27
SUDZONCS se Ue tek Aamo eee ee TS SOARES Ss Seen in eee aie ce heres aes idcaaie 28
@ccurrence/ofithe fossila 32s 2s ese eee ee SE ee ee 2 sic Se ee 28
Mortoniceras'sUbZONGE = (.\20 5.2 foe licee cece see ome teenie ne esis Ce eee eee 29

Part of Exogyra ponderosa zone between the Mortoniceras subzone and the Exogyra costata zone. . 30
Correlation. 522. .4c2nsedes salt cents base em oe aot ee Mase Se Ge eet aisle bole se Ee ee ee ers 31
Imvertebrates si .2.5 See ook a oe Ui eres e rte es ont NER eo NS 2 ee ara eR 31

Ther Carolinas s: so-55 Saat see esos eee ee essed ore en Sie Sey ee eee ees 31

New, Jerseyto2< 5 2ec ade ehnosectee eee n ca ek ctaiocc ein Sach = ce Se eee ery? 31

TORS sein 2 scene see Eels ee ioe ore SAS oe en Se emis bE EE Se tis ESSE eee eee 32

Wertebrates' sao ccs ism stinisee pie icine Se Le et See mie ee ee EES EEOC eee ee 32

PIA TS) = [5 el Nee alee oe erates Mette co Stereo USE erase itioioik ue sidie eis easitinngj oo Ce eRe CEE ee 33

PH 0g yas COSLALE ZONE! 3a. Sie ae ety e eae pe EI End iw ce Sepa IE EE aE es 34
Rangeot ithe: species cc seesen eceaaee ies se sere ese aise ine ao si ene eoiee Siete ee eee eee eee 34
DUD ZONES. 2 je rseie ciate estate eters eles eT ee eee esereia ec Spcserwre ta ie eiclcto ie ersten ee eee epee eee 36
Occurrence\ofithe fossils son aen ae yaa eee to ee tein 5 oe eS ee eee Ee COE ee 36
Tnopistha proterta\ Sub Zone so se sjajo =o = eietesstatste steele ere att. n 2 sie eee cy eictais ae oleae eee Oe 36
Extreme: Upper! Gretaceous beds! 255. s-emer ea ene ee nat cine Aas eee wn ee ee as eee eer 37
Correlations :-as2=se ras see ce a meas Seo ee OE aria eee eee etree Brosseeceueacunaecce 37
Invertebrates ison reise ssw soe - etya eee ie eae ee CSIs ease naa or Rees 37

The; Garolinag!: 2-5: -e:s ange ee eet eRe ee Renae Lecce se eee eee nae 37

New Jersey: 222 jcc cee hs ect ee eine eae ciate cmon tte s Slaie saa ice gee eee 38

dN :) Sse eee OC an ER tem eeOG m HONE HU aries yaaa a SEE OO n aS Hos Soc 38

Wiertebrates ics pees acpi cnc ate rae oe ee aes Re erate «(oat ee 38

Pl awits: = siecle sete acs Se ecw 0 Sepa alata sphere Se Tne SP IE LESS are ape na Roma 3 See 39
SIDI A Sade bonopa ah bee 6 co sonedne baee sa gonen espace sHoguc SSovsscngseuseconmpeeEdbSssoe as icsecoses: 39
Species and varieties of Exogyra from the eastern Gulf region and the Carolinas. .........-.....-.------------ 41

Iba HOC hIAH Ota aee ear ee GOR aa oes dD ao cau n So or ASE BOB AD He os co Soran cab eORseRp Sedo se heseedsesscc 41

Mefinition: ofthe genus~ 75.5 -2- sce wea eee se tos ore ois oe ee ee eee ele = rte eee et eee eee 41

Geologicirange:ofi the genus scm ae sacme meee eee earls san ane ania = a) afe alae = ole een ea ape et ota ree Ce eee eee 42

General description of theispeciesand varieties’ ns a ecertee - ici <12 ere clots fae ate te ta eee ee 42

Geolociciand#eeopraphiciran gens... asec tas eta are ine areca woe wee ee 43
astern Gulfiresionrand the Carolinass= sess eee ae aimee layne ate =) cea ee ae eee ee 43
ING Wid CISC Yaa se cote eae TE eee eee a 25S oo a ee 44
Wiesternt Guliirecion 22 scence meee nee ae ee meee alee m0) aaa ae 45
NSC 0 SSE ee Ie ee ee ee SE eee IEC OSG Oy sndaaino naedosteeoases 45

45

SIVELEMN ALCL CSCLIpUOMS = ote aae teeta eta asia tatmie tere es ee ee aa eee 46

(CGMS Db. era GUISES Beno sosage asa oSon ses 255.0555 sy opedoneaEona=cSossudocdadsaosnsoshomatesces 46
ELOGYT.A UPALOVENSIS SP = WON ame aaa eaa nie ie aaa are = eta me 46
IDES ad onl) Wan Sasa Sa kat consokcosec odor casesdesunoaepaadan=sconsasesesacesbenbasessoncs5: 46
Geologieloccurren Ceo ae ate acs eat eae 46
abo hal paoeeenoce da toeussses Suche Gs onde sathseass sects soeb Pp apemostonpcouebersedanecss 46
SELOGYNG) PONAET OSA, IROCTET So mapas ms ale ay ee ee eal 46
Desert ptiom a. s-= oo cee eer ee a ee 47
Geologic occurrence se ae aye e winter ee aa a ele 47
1bayeol lines ese meneeero a bodas a= 6S Sono Saco sooth snas Sorc sc CosRee ice esseeceeeastsoocesce7s: 48
Exogyra ponderosa Var. erraticostata War. NOV2 ~~ === == am en ne 49
IDYSTe lah ohne) oeReraeeasoseee sae As Sdce 4 Ja os Seas sesesosseeevese aes eshesseeseshasssoc< 27: 49
Remarks: 6. 2.222. a2 </a2 2-02 Seee: 6 35 SS Pe Oe Ree ae ean is oe ee 49
Geolovicioccurrence: == ==. 2 - esac = see ee ee ee 49

MSO CRINGIOS ae oo oo Smee = = a eR a (on oe 50

CONTENTS,

Species and varieties of Exogyra from the eastern Gulf region and the Carolinas—Continued.

Systematic descriptions—Continued. ,
Genus Exogyra Say—Continued.

J BRO AUR CORT SES Geen aan soem rere ES Pee Se Se Sec AB AGRO 1 Se ESO CR ST aa Ro Mp are Fare

IDs Gai Nine) a ee pase eRe eee eae Hee ete Barina Bera certo aS ere te ieee eee ee Oe

NGM ATS He spe mee re ee seas eae ee Faee PAN p= ode TN oR ETENS Sye sears Le Shee see pe A iahe, He Biesapsreein aye

Geologicioceurrencetenesstcmas sos aise Se aoe ats eee RO Toros iat Sen aslee lei nayee

Moc alities see e ae eres see mo ae alan ye crave sete ade Sears cea ae lal seas PS One yere Sae aie sbhisitie.s ere mleme

LIB IRE COMM VRE; CHACHA EH WEE, WON oop cine cigs pop sea odausa senda ou aaaeacedesceasnoeaacesocce

DSS erip LO ee ee erence tote stein Sei a eae te eae eee oe he ee epee iz eres ee Sasicne

TE TIN AT Hig iin Sete eset tay ate ca te cetera aoe yeu eee Ser erent eee ee OTR OSS an ge rene es ey HEE Se orn

Geolopicioccurren cet s nas ==<aytos iss Sas Sesie e oe si sei ee aes Se ee ee Sees ee ne Sees

WO CATEIOS Sys tiae ese S nels ee eee a Tae ays Cee Ieee ep Nae y aooie tees

RABLES) 2stOno mhRanceot CretaceouswOssl | siete rey eye ees at ee eter 2 eee ee eee

NT Ot Ot OF OT OT OF OT
ah R OWOH

Page

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Page.
Prats I. A, Lower Cretaceous sands and clays overlain unconformably by Pleistocene terrace gravels, sands,
and sandy loams, Coosada Bluff, Alabama River, 11 miles north of Montgomery, Ala.; B, Uncon-
formable contact between Lower Cretaceous clay and basal sands of the Eutaw formation, cut
in Seale Road, 4 miles southwest of Columbus, Ga., in Russell County, Ala--......----.------ 10
Il. A, Tuscaloosa formation, consisting of sands and clays with interbedded ferruginous layers, Huntsville
road, 14 miles east of Cottondale, Tuscaloosa County, Ala.; B, Laminated sands and clays of the
Eutaw formation, bluff at Z. Logan’s landing, Warrior River, Hale County, Ala., 8} miles (by
the river) above the Alabama Great Southern Railroad bridge.............-.--.----.---------- 12
Ill. A, Typical beds of the Tombigbee sand member of the Eutaw formation, Plymouth Bluff, Tombigbee |
River, Lowndes County, Miss.; B, Laminated sands and clays of Coffee sand member of the
Eutaw formation, bluff just above Pittsburg Landing, Hardin County, Tenn..............-..--- 13
IV. A, Basal marine beds of the Eutaw formation, Broken Arrow Bend, Chattahoochee River, Alabama
side, 104 miles (by the river) below Columbus, Ga.; B, Beds of the Tombigbee sand member of
the Eutaw formation as developed in the Chattahoochee region, Banks Landing, Chattahooche
River, 264 milesi(by the river) below;'\Columbus) Ga---< 222-25 <5 .2 22a. = nae ee 14
VY. A, Typical exposure of the Selma chalk, Jones Bluff, Tombigbee River, near Epes, Sumter County,
Ala.; B, Selma chalk at its type locality, Alabama River, Selma, Ala............-....------..- 16
VI. A, Classic fossil locality of the Ripley formation, bluff on Owl Creek, 3 miles northeast of Ripley,
Tippah County, Miss.; B, Beds of the McNairy sand member of the Ripley formation, cut of
Southern Railway 14 miles west of Cypress, McNairy County, Tenn...........--.--.-.---.-.- 17
VII. A, Marine beds of the Ripley formation, Chattahoochee River, Eufaula, Ala.; B, Marine beds of the
Ripley formation, cut of Louisville & Nashville Railroad 13 miles north of Fort Deposit,
Lowndes County; -Alaes o2 22 oo jn sans come sae ne Stee eine tease nosis ace Aa ape ee eee 18
VIII. A, Cusseta sand member of the Ripley formation overlain by typical marine beds of the formation, cut
of Seaboard Air Line Railway at Hichitee (Manta station), Chattahoochee County, Ga.; B, Beds
of Providence sand member of the Ripley formation, gully near Eufaula-Lumpkin Road, 103
miles:northeastio£ Georgetown; Ga =~ = seine sie ea ee ne eee a sis) 2 eee 19
IX. Geologic map of Cretaceous deposits of the eastern Gulf region.........--..--.------------+---- In pocket.
X. Diagram showing the lithologic variations and age relationships of the Cretaceous deposits of the east-
ern Gulf region and their correlation with the Carolina and North Atlantic Cretaceous. ......-. , 20
XI. Specimens of Exogyra and other fossils weathered from Selma chalk: A, ‘‘ Bald Knob,’ 3 miles west
of Corinth, Alcorn County, Miss.; B, One mile west of Cotton Gin Port, Monroe County, Miss. - 20
XII. Diagram showing the ranges in the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain of the species and varieties of
xosyraidescnbed:intthisipapeten some ccc aaa a nic-e = ee ene eee = oe ee 44
XIII. Exogyra upatoiensis and Exogyra ponderosa Roemer.....-..---.---------------+--+-002-+---e ee eee ee 58
exaNVigeerogyra ponderosa Roemer sss ces. seas seer ee ee (s cine eo 2 aslo 2,5) 2 erate Oe EE eee ee EEE EEE 60
XV. Exogyra ponderosa Roemer and Exogyra ponderosa var. erraticostata var. nov ..--------------------- 62
XVI. Exogyra ponderosa var. erraticostata var. nov. and Exogyra costata Say ....--.--------------+--+---- 64
PeeVapEogyra costaia, Say: 325-2 ase. sence cece sere ese ea enic cals Se doce cine oe ee 66
GV Te Reroguraicostata) Say 5. <2 asa e naa oe ae eee ee Saas 5 ie ae hase ee ee eee 68
EER nerogyra.costata Say = 2-2 =<o<= 2m see node nin Sa ese Hci sei ne Sn pes OE eee eee ee eee 70
XX. Exogyra costata Say and Exogyra costata var. cancellata var. noV....--.----------------+-+--+---+---- 72
exOXG FE OgUrG | COStata WAN! CATICELLALA VAL: DO Vig sae eee ese eee eee eee eee eee eee ae 7:
Fieure 1. Generalized section showing fossil zones and subzones in the eastern Gulf Upper Cretaceous deposits. - 23
2. Sketch map showing areas of paleontologic collections listed in Tables 1 to 8 ....--.-..----.-------- 24

6

PREFACE.

The investigations furnishing the materials for the two papers included in this volume have
been carried on by the United States Geological Survey in cooperation with the State geological
surveys of South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi, under the direction of T. Way-
land Vaughan, of the United States Geological Survey.

The correlations with deposits in North Carolina are based on work carried on in that
State by the writer from 1905 to 1909, under the auspices of the United States Geological
Survey, in cooperation with the North Carolina Geological Survey, and under the immediate
direction, during part of the time, of M. L. Fuller, of the United States Geological Survey, and
during the remainder under that of Prof. William Bullock Clark, of Johns Hopkins University.
Tn accordance with an agreement with the authorities of the Federal Survey the results of the
North Carolina investigations were used in the preparation of a dissertation offered in fulfill-
ment of one of the requirements for the degree of doctor of philosophy at Johns Hopkins
University.

Numerous exhaustive collections made, in 1889 and 1891 by T. W. Stanton, of the United
States Geological Survey, from localities in the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain and additional
smaller collections in the National Museum made by other investigators have been placed at
the disposal of the writer. The fossils collected by Mr. Stanton in Mississippi were determined
and listed by him shortly after his return from the field in 1889, and these lists with the accom-
panying notes have also been placed at the disposal of the writer. For the assistance thus
rendered and for many valuable suggestions and criticisms especial thanks are due to Mr.
Stanton.

The names of the echinoderm species included in the lists have been furnished by Prof.
William Bullock Clark, to whom the specimens were sent for identification. Some of the fish
remains mentioned in the text have been identified by Mr. J. W. Gidley, of the National Museum,
and all the reptilian remains have been identified by Mr. C. W. Gilmore, also of the National
Museum. Indebtedness is acknowledged to these gentlemen for their cooperation.

During the progress of the investigations the writer has been associated both in the field
and in numerous conferences with Mr. E. W. Berry, of Johns Hopkins University, who has been
engaged in a study of the fossil plant remains from the Cretaceous beds. Indebtedness is
acknowledged to Mr. Berry for numerous annotated lists of plant species and for the many
benefits resulting from close association with an investigator of his ability.

The writer has also been associated in the field and in conference with Dr. Eugene A. Smith,
State geologist of Alabama, and with Mr. Earle Sloan, State geologist of South Carolina, who
have spared neither time nor effort in assisting in the solution of stratigraphic problems in
their respective States. He has also been associated with Mr. Otto Veatch, assistant State
geologist of the Georgia Geological Survey, to whom thanks are due for much valuable assistance
and also for field notes placed at the writer’s disposal.

The publications of many authors have also been freely drawn upon for information and for
field guidance. :

In comparing the Cretaceous faunas of the South with those of New Jersey the writer has
relied for his statements as to the range of New Jersey species on the excellent monograph by
Stuart Weller, published in 1907 by the Geological Survey of New Jersey, entitled ‘‘A report
on the Cretaceous paleontology of New Jersey.”

As the investigations progressed the value of the representatives of the genus Exogyra
in establishing the major faunal divisions into which the marme Upper Cretaceous deposits of
the eastern Gulf region are divisible, and in correlating these divisions with Upper Cretaceous
deposits elsewhere in the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain, became more and more apparent. It
has seemed appropriate, therefore, to describe the species and varieties of the genus and to note
their distribution and range.

i

CRETACEOUS DEPOSITS OF THE EASTERN GULF REGION.

By Lioyp WILLIAM STEPHENSON.

OBJECT AND SCOPE OF THE WORK.

This paper is intended as a brief statement of the results of stratigraphic and paleon-
tologic investigations made by the writer during recent years in the Cretaceous areas of the
eastern Gulf region. The principal objects in view were to determine the lithologic units worthy
of recognition as formations or as members, the lithologic and paleontologic characters of these
units, and their stratigraphic and age relations. Although the results of the work have not been
in all respects as satisfactory as might have been desired, yet it is believed that the purposes
outlined have in large measure been accomplished.

The major lithologic divisions present in the region have all been recognized more or less
clearly by previous investigators, and no sweeping changes in the generally accepted nomencla-
ture of the deposits have been found necessary. But one new name (McNairy sand member
of the Ripley formation) is proposed and this is given the rank of member; two old forma-
tional names which have, during recent years, fallen into disuse, have recently been revived
by the writer’ with the rank of members; and certain basal Cretaceous deposits in eastern
Alabama and in Georgia, previously regarded as the eastward continuation of the Tuscaloosa
formation, are shown with reasonable certainty to be of ower Cretaceous age and therefore
probably separated from the Tuscaloosa formation by an unconformity. However, more
definite knowledge has been gained of the character and the geologic and geographic boundaries
of the several units recognized.

The chief additions to the knowledge of the region have been those furnished by a critical
study of the organic remains entombed in the deposits; for by this means much light has been
thrown on the age relations of the several lithologic units. On pages 23-40 it is shown that the
usual methods of mapping formational units fail properly to express true age relations when
applied to the deposits of this region, and that to show these relations it is necessary to employ
additional superimposed symbols. In places (see Pl. IX, in pocket) the boundaries of litho-
logic units run obliquely to the general direction of the strike of the strata composing the Upper
Cretaceous formations of the region with absolute disregard to the boundaries of paleontologic
zones and subzones. Although records of such phenomena are not uncommon in the litera-
ture, the relative abruptness with which some of the lithologic units here treated merge hori-
zontally into others of different character furnishes unusually striking examples of this sort of
formational relationship.

The deposits considered are in part of Lower Cretaceous and in part of Upper Cretaceous
age. heir area of surface occurrence embraces a belt of country extending from southern
Illinois, where it is only a few miles wide, southward with gradually increasing width through
Kentucky and Tennessee to Mississippi and western Alabama, where it reaches a maximum
width of 80 miles; thence sweeping around to the east ina broad curve through Alabama, and
with gradually decreasing width extending northeastward into Georgia. The lower repre-
sentatives of the series continue northeastward in a narrow belt of surface outcrops through
Georgia and South Carolina, eventually connecting with similar deposits in North Carolina;
the higher representatives also extend northeastward in Georgia, but they pass beneath over-

1 Stephenson, L. W., Cretaceous [Georgia]: Bull. Georgia Geol. Survey No. 26, 1911, Pl. V, pp. 111-112.

10 CRETACEOUS DEPOSITS OF THE EASTERN GULF REGION,

lapping Eocene beds and do not reappear at the surface until they reach the valley of Peedee
River in eastern South Carolina, in which region, and also to the northeastward in North
Carolina, exposures are common along the streams.

PAST AND PRESENT INTERPRETATIONS.
LOWER CRETACEOUS.

The basal portion of the rocks of the Coastal Plain in the region included between the Alabama
Valley in Alabama and the Roanoke Valley in North Carolina is composed of highly cross-
bedded arkosic sands, in general of coarse texture, with subordinate interbedded layers and
lenses of light-colored clays of greater or lesser purity, reaching an estimated maximum thickness
of 500 to 600 feet. These have been regarded as the eastward continuation of the Tuscaloosa
formation by the Alabama and Georgia geologists! They have been designated the ‘‘Ham-
burg beds”? by Sloan? in South Carolina and the ‘‘Cape Fear” formation by the writer ? in
North Carolina. These beds are separated by unconformities from the overlying Black Creek
formation in the Carolinas and from the overlying Eutaw formation in the Chattahoochee and
Alabama river regions in Georgia and Alabama. (See Pl. I, B.)

In 1906 the exposures of these beds on Chattahoochee River below Columbus, Ga., were
examined by the writer, and durmg subsequent years numerous localities in Alabama and
Georgia were visited by him. Various considerations, based on physical evidence, led him to
conclude that the terrane is older than the Tuscaloosa formation, that it probably corresponds
to the ‘‘Hamburg beds” of South Carolina and to the “‘Cape Fear”’ formation of North Caro-
lina, and that it is probably of Lower Cretaceous age. E. W. Berry, who later visited a num-
ber of the localities in company with the writer, concurred in these views.

The first and strongest argument in favor of this interpretation was the existence of a
distinet unconformity separating these beds from the overlying Eutaw formation. This was
noted unmistakably at McBride Ford on Upatoi Creek, Chattahoochee County, Ga.; at the
Lumpkin road bridge over Upatoi Creek a few miles above its mouth; on Chattahoochee River
just below the mouth of Upatoi Creek and at Broken Arrow Bend, 9 miles below Columbus, Ga. ;
on the Seale road 4 miles southwest of Columbus in Russell County, Ala. (PL. I, B); and on Ala-
bama River 5 miles above Montgomery, Ala. The unconformity was also questionably noted
at several places intermediate between those named. No such unconformity is known to exist
between the true Tuscaloosa formation and the overlying Eutaw formation in central or western
Alabama or in Mississippi.

The beds differ from the true Tuscaloosa deposits in the following respects: The sands
contain a large percentage of white kaolin grains, which render them arkosic; the layers and
lenses of clay are massive, being thus in contrast with the laminated beds so common in the
Tuscaloosa (Pl. I, A); and the beds lack identifiable fossil plant remains except at one locality.
On the other hand, in all these characters they strongly resemble the ‘‘Hamburg beds” of South
Carolina and the ‘‘Cape Fear beds”’ of North Carolina, and it was this fact, together with their
apparent continuity with the deposits of the Carolinas, that led to the belief that they are
synchronous with those deposits.

The ‘‘Cape Fear’’ formation is separated geographically from the Cretaceous deposits to
the north in Virginia by an overlap of Miocene beds. However, in all their physical characters
the ‘“‘Cape Fear’’ materials bear a close resemblance to the Patuxent formation, which forms
the basal division of the Potomac group in Virginia and Maryland. On account of this physical
similarity and because of their supposed buried connection with the Virginia Patuxent, the
application of the name Patuxent has been extended to include these arkosic beds‘ in North

1 Langdon, D. W., Variations in Cretaceous and Tertiary strata of Alabama: Bull. Geol. Soc. America, vol. 2, 1890, pp. 587-606. Veatch, Otto,
Second report on the clays of Georgia: Bull. Georgia Geol. Survey No. 18, 1909, pp. 82-106.

2 Sloan, Earle, Clays of South Carolina: Bull. South Carolina Geol. Survey, 4th ser., No. 1, 1904, pp. 72-75; Handbook of South Carolina, State
Dept. Agr., Com., and Imm., 1907, pp. 85-88.

* Stephenson, L. W., Some facts relating to the Mesozoic deposits of the Coastal Plain of North Carolina: Johns Hopkins Uniy. Circ., new ser.,
No. 7, July, 1907, pp. 93-99.

‘Stephenson, L. W., The Cretaceous formations [North Carolina]: North Carolina Geol. and Econ. Survey, vol. 3, 1912, pp. 83-111.

U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 81 PLATE]

A. LOWER CRETACEOUS SANDS AND CLAYS OVERLAIN UNCONFORMABLY
BY PLEISTOCENE TERRACE GRAVELS, SANDS, AND SANDY LOAMS,
COOSADA BLUFF, ALABAMA RIVER, 11 MILES NORTH OF MONTGON-
ERY, ALA.

B. UNCONFORMABLE CONTACT BETWEEN LOWER CRETACEOUS CLAY AND BASAL SANDS
OF THE EUTAW FORMATION, CUT IN SEALE ROAD, 4 MILES SOUTHWEST OF COLUMBUS,
GA., IN RUSSELL COUNTY, ALA.

PAST AND PRESENT INTERPRETATIONS. qak

Carolina. In the absence of evidence to the contrary it would seem proper to extend the
application of the name still farther south to include the apparently continuous deposits in
South Carolina, Georgia, and Alabama.

Until recently no organic remains had been found in the beds under discussion south of
the Virginia line, but in the fall of 1910 the writer discovered a few poorly preserved plant
remains in beds exposed in a bluff on Tallapoosa River at Old Fort Decatur, in Macon County,
Ala. These have been submitted to E. W. Berry, who expresses the opinion that the beds con-
taining them are of Lower Cretaceous age. One poorly preserved cast of a Unio was found
associated with the plant remains. ;

The previous conclusions regarding the age of the beds below the Eutaw formation seem
thus to be confirmed by the elisornirelloiste evidence. Unfortunately the poorly preserved con-
dition of the leaves renders it difficult to determine satisfactorily the relation of the formation
to the Patuxent formation of Virginia and Maryland. However, in Berry’s opinion, the
presence of large numbers of leaves, apparently dicotyledons, most of which are too poorly
preserved to permit specific or even generic determination, seems to justify doubt as to their
being as old as the Patuxent, in which similar questionably identified dicotyledons are very
sparingly represented.

The following statement concerning the fossil remains of the Patuxent formation is quoted
from a paper by Clark and Bibbins:+

The flora of the Patuxent formation includes Equiseta, ferns, cycads, conifers, monocotyledons, and a very few
archaic dicotyledons, the coniferous and cycadean element being particularly strong. The known fauna of the
Patuxent formation is limited to a single Unio (Ward) and a fish (Fontaine).

Should future discoveries confirm the doubt expressed by Berry as to the Patuxent age of
the Lower Cretaceous beds of Alabama and Georgia, and should it be found that the Alabama-
Georgia Lower Cretaceous deposits are synchronous with the ‘‘Cape Fear” formation, it would
at once become apparent that the name Patuxent was not appropriate for Lower Cretaceous
deposits anywhere south of Virginia.

Although the ‘‘Cape Fear beds”’ appear to be contmuous with the Lower Cretaceous arkosic
beds of South Carolina, Georgia, and Alabama, it is possible that they are not actually con-
tinuous; for the irregular character of the bedding, the presence of numerous local unconformi-
ties within the beds, and the lack of extensive exposures render the detection of an important
unconformity difficult—and such an unconformity may exist.

A hypothesis which was suggested to the writer by T. W. Vaughan and which is worthy of
consideration is that the arkosic beds extending from Maryland southward to Alabama were
laid down along a coast margin which was being gradually and continuously depressed from the
north to the south. In this case the deposits might actually be continuous and yet contain
fossil plants at the south end of the belt of outcrop younger than those at the north end.

UPPER CRETACEOUS.
EARLY CORRELATIONS.

Morton’s correlation.—The presence in the eastern Gulf region of the so-called ‘‘Ferruginous

sand formation”’ was first noted by Morton? in 1829, the beds thus designated being correlated
with the ‘‘Ferruginous sand formation’? of New Jersey and with the Chalk of Europe, espe-
cially with the Ferruginous sand of the English geologists and with the Lower Chalk of the
French geologists. The term Cretaceous, which later supplanted the terms ‘‘Chalk’’ and
‘“‘Ferruginous sand,” was first applied to the American deposits by Morton’ in 1833.

1 Clark, W. B., and Bibbins, Arthur, Geology of the Potomac group in the middle Atlantic slope: Bull. Geol. Soc. America, vol. 13, 1902, p. 192.

2 Morton, S. G., Description of two new species of fossil shells of the genera Scaphites and Crepidula, with some observations on the ferruginous
sand, plastic clay, and upper marine formations of the United States: Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 6, 1892, pp. 107-129 (especially p. 127).

3 Morton, S. G., Synopsis of the organic remains of the Ferruginous sand formation of the United States: Am. Jour. Sci., Ist ser., vol. 24, 1833,
pp. 128-132.

12 CRETACEOUS DEPOSITS OF THE EASTERN GULF REGION.

Tuomey’s classification.—In 1850 Tuomey? described and mapped the Cretaceous deposits
of Alabama. Two divisions, the Lower and Upper Cretaceous, were recognized. The former
corresponded roughly to the Eutaw formation of the present report, and the latter included the
Selma chalk and Ripley formation and, erroneously, a portion of the overlying Eocene strata.
That part of the Cretaceous now included in the Tuscaloosa formation was erroneously referred
to the Tertiary.

Winchell’s classification —In 1857 Winchell? subdivided the Cretaceous of Alabama in
descending order as follows: Prairie Bluff limestone; white sand; Rotten limestone; concrete
sand; loose sand; sand and clay.

The ‘“‘sand and clay,” the ‘“‘loose sand,” and the ‘‘concrete sand” form parts of the Eutaw
formation of this report; the ‘“‘Rotten limestone” is synonymous with the Selma chalk; the
“white sand” includes the glauconitic sands forming the basal portion of Prairie Bluff on
Alabama River, Wilcox County, Ala.; the ‘‘Prairie Bluff limestone”’ includes the few feet of
chalk rock forming the uppermost beds of the Cretaceous at Prairie Bluff. This corresponds
to the long, narrow tongue of Selma chalk extending through Marengo and Wilcox counties
above a westward-extending tongue of the Ripley formation. (See Pl. IX, in pocket.)

Hilgard’s classification —The first classification of the deposits of the eastern Gulf Coastal
Plain, in which the whole series of Upper Cretaceous beds was definitely assigned to that epoch,
was that of Hilgard,? State geologist of Mississippi. He differentiated four major divisions in
the Cretaceous deposits of that State, in descending order, as follows: Rivley group, Rotten
limestone group, Tombigbee sand group, and Eutaw group.

Smith and Johnson’s classification—In 1887, Eugene A. Smith, State geologist of Alabama,
and Lawrence C. Johnson‘ published a classification of the Cretaceous deposits of Alabama, the
divisions recognized being as follows: Ripley formation, Rotten limestone, Eutaw formation,
and Tuscaloosa formation.

TUSCALOOSA AND EUTAW FORMATIONS.

East-central MississippimAccording to Hilgard the Eutaw rests upon Carboniferous
rocks and includes all the Cretaceous deposits below the Tombigbee sand. He says that it
consists of ‘‘bluish black or reddish laminated clays, often lignitic, alternating with and usually
overlain by noneffervescent sands, mostly (though not always) poor in mica and of a gray or
yellow tint. Contains beds of lignite, very rarely other fossils.’’ ®

He adds: ‘“‘I adopt this name (Eutaw group) in view of these beds having been first exam-
ined in detail and recognized as being of Cretaceous age by Tuomey,® near Eutaw, Ala., where
they are characteristically developed.”

The Tombigbee sand, as described by Hilgard, consists of—

A fine-grained micaceous sand, more or less calcareous, usually of a greenish tint but not infrequently gray, bluish
black, yellowish, and sometimes even orange-red. Clays and noncalcareous (as also at times nonmicaceous) sands
are also found, although generally they are only subordinate to the characteristic greenish sand, which is the exclusive
material in the southerly region of development, in South Monroe and Lowndes.

The type region of the Tombigbee sand is in the vicinity of Columbus, in Lowndes County,
Miss., where it is mapped as a belt 15 or 18 miles wide. The type exposures occur in bluffs of
Tombigbee River in this county. (See Pl. III, A.) North of Lowndes County the Tombigbee
belt is represented as narrowing to a strip 2 to 4 miles wide, with a corresponding widening of
the Eutaw area. By thus narrowing the Tombigbee belt what Hilgard actually did was to
run his Eutaw-Tombigbee boundary line obliquely across the strike of the beds; north of this
line he represents strata as belonging to the Eutaw which correspond in age and stratigraphic

1 Tuomey, M., First biennial report on the geology of Alabama, 1850, pp. 116-142.

2 Winchell, Alexander, Notes on the geology of middle and southern Alabama: Proc. Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci., vol. 10, pt. 2, 1857, pp. 90-93.

3 Hilgard, E. W., Report on the geology and agriculture of the State of Mississippi, 1860, pp. 60-95.

‘4 Tertiary and Cretaceous strata of the Tuscaloosa, Tombigbee, and Alabama rivers: Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey No. 43, 1887, pp. 71-138.

’ Hilgard, E. W., op. cit., p. 61.

6 Tuomey’s account of the beds near Eutaw to which reference is made is recorded in the First biennial report on the geology of Alabama, 1850,
pp. 118-120. Tuomey recognized the Cretaceous age of these beds but did not propose a formational name for them.

U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 81 PLATE II

A. TUSCALOOSA FORMATION, CONSISTING OF SANDS AND CLAYS WITH
INTERBEDDED FERRUGINOUS LAYERS, HUNTSVILLE ROAD, 1?2 MILES
EAST OF COTTONDALE, TUSCALOOSA COUNTY, ALA.

B. LAMINATED SANDS AND CLAYS OF THE EUTAW FORMATION, BLUFF
AT Z. LOGAN’S LANDING, WARRIOR RIVER, HALE COUNTY, ALA., 814
MILES (BY THE RIVER) ABOVE THE ALABAMA GREAT SOUTHERN
RAILROAD BRIDGE.

U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 81 PLATE III

A. TYPICAL BEDS OF THE TOMBIGBEE SAND MEMBER OF THE EUTAW
FORMATION, PLYMOUTH BLUFF, TOMBIGBEE RIVER, LOWNDES COUNTY,
MISS.

B. LAMINATED SANDS AND CLAYS OF COFFEE SAND MEMBER OF THE
EUTAW FORMATION, BLUFF JUST ABOVE PITTSBURG LANDING, HAR-
DIN COUNTY, TENN.

PAST AND PRESENT INTERPRETATIONS. 13

position to the lower two-thirds or three-fourths of the Tombigbee as mapped south of the line;
indeed the sections given as typical of the Eutaw le within these northward Tombigbee
representatives.

Western Alabama.—The Eutaw group of Hilgard in Mississippi represents all of the
Tuscaloosa formation and a part of the Eutaw formation as subsequently defined by Smith
and Johnson in Alabama. They described the Tuscaloosa formation as consisting of at least
1,000 feet of ‘‘purple and mottled clays interstratified with white, yellowish-white, pink, and
light purple micaceous sands, and near the base of the formation dark-gray, nearly black,
thinly laminated clays with sand partings.”’

The Eutaw formation is described as
least 300 feet in thickness.”’

If only those parts of the area in Mississippi immediately west of the Alabama line, mapped
by Hilgard respectively as Eutaw and Tombigbee, are considered, his Eutaw corresponds
almost exactly to the Tuscaloosa formation of Smith and Johnson, and the Eutaw of those
authors corresponds to the Tombigbee sand of Hilgard. However, the sections of the Eutaw
described by Hilgard, all of which are north of Columbus in Mississippi, do not correspond to
the Tuscaloosa formation, but, as previously stated, represent a part of the northward exten-
sion of the Tombigbee as mapped, and hence actually correspond in stratigraphic position to
a part of the Eutaw of Smith and Johnson.

The essential differences between the Tuscaloosa and Eutaw of Smith and Johnson may
perhaps best be stated as follows: The Tuscaloosa consists of a succession of sands, clays, and
gravels of probable estuarine and shallow-water origin, characterized by irregularity of bedding,
and, where the conditions for their preservation were favorable, by the presence of fossil leaves
(Pl. II, A); the Eutaw consists predominantly of glauconitic sands of marine origin, which in
approximately the lower two-thirds or three-fourths of their thickness contain subordinate
_ lenses of dark clay and exhibit lamination and fine cross-bedding (Pl. II, B), and in the upper
one-third or one-fourth are made up of massive beds of glauconitic sand, with calcareous sand
beds in the extreme upper part (Pl. ITI, A). So far as known no structural break exists between
the Tuscaloosa and Eutaw formations, sedimentation apparently having been continuous from
the one to the other. Nor has it been possible to recognize any sharp lithologic line of separation
between them, the change from the one kind of sedimentation to the other having been
transitional.

The Mississippi representatives of the Eutaw formation of Smith and Johnson include, as
previously stated, all of the Tombigbee sand and a part of the Eutaw group of Hilgard. Although
the width of the Tombigbee belt as mapped by Hilgard immediately west of the Alabama line is
15 to 18 miles, corresponding to a thickness of 400 or 500 feet, the actual sections given by him
in this part of the area are all near the western border of the belt and probably include only
about the upper 150 or 200 feet of the strata mapped. Farther north in Mississippi beds which
correspond in stratigraphic position to the lower two-thirds or three-fourths of the Tombigbee
as mapped in Lowndes County are included by Hilgard in his Eutaw group, and among these are
the sections which he indicated as typical of this division in Mississippi. These beds correspond
in age and position to a part of the Eutaw of Smith and Johnson, although in the intervening
area in Lowndes County beds of the same age were mapped as Tombigbee. This confusion was
due apparently to the fact that Hilgard failed to find in Lowndes County any of the beds of
dark clay corresponding in position to those farther north, on the basis of which he seems to
have differentiated his Eutaw group. These clays are of a resistant character, and where they
occur in stream bluffs form rather conspicuous exposures; but when the division as a whole is
considered they constitute only subordinate lenses of clay in deposits made up in the main of
glauconitic sands. Such clay beds, however, occur in Lowndes County, being exposed in the
banks of Floating Turtle Creek a short distance east of Columbus.

Readjustment of the nomenclature—From the facts brought out in the above discussion it
is apparent that a readjustment of the nomenclature as applied by Hilgard to the beds subjacent
to the Selma chalk in Mississippi is necessary. The classification of the corresponding deposits

‘‘a series of laminated sands and sandy clays at

14 CRETACEOUS DEPOSITS OF THE EASTERN GULF REGION.

in Alabama by Smith and Johnson is based on essential physical differences, namely, those
depending on origin. In Mississippi these differences were not recognized. It would appear,
therefore, that the Alabama nomenclature is the more logical.

Tn the opinion of the writer, the name Tuscaloosa, which stands for the lower irregularly
bedded portion of the series, or for that portion which originated in shallow water, should be
extended to include the corresponding deposits in Mississippi. :

The name Eutaw, which in Alabama stands for the upper or truly marine portion of the
series, can appropriately be extended to include the corresponding beds in Mississippi, although
this will mean the expansion of the term (as Hilgard used it) to include the Tombigbee sand
above and its contraction to exclude the Mississippi representatives of the Tuscaloosa formation
below.

The name Tombigbee sand, however, if applied to the actual type sections of the division
given by Hilgard and to their equivalents, is expressive of a natural phase or subdivision of the
Eutaw formation and is eminently worthy of preservation in the literature. If Hilgard’s imper-
fect mapping is disregarded the sections of the Tombigbee sand given by him are all included
within a thickness of strata which probably does not exceed 150 or 200 feet. Thus limited, the
division includes the uppermost massive, glauconitic, more or less calcareous and phosphatic
beds of the Eutaw formation, as distinguished from the more irregularly bedded and more
argillaceous portion of the formation beneath it. These upper, massive beds are traceable for
many miles northward from Lowndes County, in Mississippi, and with certain modifications they
extend eastward entirely across Alabama into Georgia. They were recognized by Smith and
Johnson and were spoken of by them as the ‘‘upper member of the Eutaw formation.” This
member, however, can not be sharply differentiated from the remainder or lower part of the
formation, for massive lenses of glauconitic sand of greater or lesser extent occur in places at
lower levels than the Tombigbee member proper and in small exposures are not distinguishable
from that member.

The names Tuscaloosa and Eutaw were applied in Mississippi by Crider ' in 1906 in approx-
imately the sense here proposed, but he did not give his reasons for discarding the classification
of Hilgard in favor of that of Smith and Johnson.

Extent of the Tuscaloosa formation—Beds representing the Tuscaloosa formation extend
north from western Alabama in a wide belt, which includes the northwestern part of Alabama
and a relatively narrow strip in the adjoining northeastern part of Mississippi. The formation
as a whole, however, becomes rapidly thinner to the north and disappears in the vicinity of the
Tennessee State line. It is doubtful if in the region of their outcrop the Mississippi representa-
tives of the formation exceed a thickness of 400 feet. Hilgard did not differentiate these lower
beds of shallow-water origin from the higher beds of truly marine origin but included them in
his Eutaw formation, as shown by the map accompanying his report. The Tuscaloosa forma-
tion also extends from western Alabama eastward nearly to Alabama River, where the terrane
is believed to pinch out rather abruptly between the unconformably subjacent Lower Creta-
ceous beds and the overlying Eutaw formation.

Extent of the Eutaw formation.—The Eutaw formation, as defined by Smith and Johnson,
including the Tombigbee sand, extends northward through Mississippi without much change in
stratigraphic boundaries, as far as northern Itawamba County. Here the upper boundary shifts
abruptly to a much higher level, for in this region the basal part of the Selma chalk merges
northward into massive marine sands indistinguishable in lithologic character from the typical
Tombigbee sand. A tongue of impure, argillaceous, and sandy chalk, however, extends north-
ward into the body of the Tombigbee member in eastern Lee County. (See Pl. IX, in pocket.)
Still farther north in eastern Alcorn and western Tishomingo counties these massive beds merge
horizontally into glauconitic marine strata characterized by irregular bedding and by thin
laminz and thinly laminated layers of dark clay. These extend northward as a narrow belt
for a distance of 80 or 90 miles into Tennessee. This is the Coffee sand of Safford.”

1 Crider, A. F., Geology and mineral resources of Mississippi: Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey No. 283, 1906, pp. 12-16.
2 Safford, J. M., On the Cretaceous and superior formations of west Tennessee: Am. Jour. Sci., 2d ser., vol. 37, 1864, pp. 360-372; Geology of
Tennessee, 1869, pp. 411-414.

U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 81 PLATE IV

A. BASAL MARINE BEDS OF THE EUTAW FORMATION, BROKEN
ARROW BEND, CHATTAHOOCHEE RIVER, ALABAMA SIDE, 10}
MILES (BY THE RIVER) BELOW COLUMBUS, GA.

B. BEDS OF THE TOMBIGBEE SAND MEMBER OF THE EUTAW
FORMATION AS DEVELOPED IN THE CHATTAHOOCHEE
REGION, BANKS LANDING, CHATTAHOOCHEE RIVER, 261s
MILES (BY THE RIVER) BELOW COLUMBUS, GA.

PAST AND PRESENT INTERPRETATIONS. 15

Lithologically the Coffee sand of Tennessee is strikingly similar to the part of the Eutaw
formation below the Tombigbee sand member, with which it was correlated by Safford. This
portion of the Hutaw (see Pls. IX, in pocket, and X, p. 20) is separated from the basal beds
of the Eutaw by the intervening Tombigbee sand member. It seems appropriate, therefore,
to give to these beds a separate designation, and for this reason Safford’s term Coffee sand is
here revived. The type exposure is in a bluff of Tennessee River just above Coffee Landing,
Hardin County, Tenn. Plate III, B, shows a typical exposure of the Coffee sand member near
Pittsburg Landing, on Tennessee River.

From western Alabama the Eutaw formation, including the Tombigbee sand member,
extends eastward entirely across the State of Alabama into Georgia. In this direction the
formation is underlain conformably by the Tuscaloosa formation to a line within a short dis-
tance west of Alabama River, where the Tuscaloosa pinches out rather abruptly between
Lower Cretaceous beds which make their appearance equally abruptly, and the overlying
Eutaw formation. From this place to its extreme eastern limit in Georgia the Eutaw is under-
lain unconformably by Lower Cretaceous strata. (See Pls. I, B, p. 10, and IV, A.)

In the Chattahoochee region the Eutaw formation includes the Eutaw group ef Langdon!
and about 120 feet of the overlying beds which that author included in his Ripley group but
which, on paleontologic grounds, are here correlated with the Tombigbee sand member of the
Eutaw formation. The Blufftown marl of Veatch? included these Tombigbee representatives
and a part of the overlying Ripley formation. A typical exposure of the Tombigbee sand as
developed on Chattahoochee River is shown in Plate IV, B.

SELMA CHALK.

Name.—The term “‘ Rotten limestone,” as previously explained, was introduced by Alexander
Winchell’ in 1857 for the terrane now known as the Selma chalk. This descriptive name was
the commonly accepted designation of this great body of chalk rock until the year 1894, when
Smith, Langdon, and Johnson‘ proposed the geographic term Selma chalk, as a coname with
“Rotten limestone,’”’ and since then the geographic term has been the accepted designation.

Extent—In western Alabama and east-central Mississippi the Selma chalk makes up all
the Upper Cretaceous strata above the Tombigbee sand member of the Eutaw formation.
The terrane rests conformably upon the Tombigbee sand and from the eastern part of Marengo
County, Ala., to the northern part of Noxubee County, Miss., is overlain unconformably by
Eocene strata carrying characteristic fossils.

Character.—The Selma chalk is described by Smith, Langdon, and Johnson® as follows:

The rock is of comparatively uniform composition, being a gray to bluish-colored argillaceous limestone, traversed
at intervals by beds of purer limestone, which is at the same time a little harder in texture. In some places the
material is a dark-bluish clay marl. * * *

Mr. K. M. Cunningham, of Mobile, a well-known microscopist, undertook for me the investigation of the char-
acteristic rocks of this formation, and the results of his examination of specimens collected from various points from
Montgomery westward are given in the accompanying article by him. The statement has often been made that the
true chalk is absent from the Cretaceous formations of North America, but we have here evidence that it is present
in no inconsiderable proportions in Alabama, and Hill has recently shown that it occurs in Arkansas and in Texas,
and we may reasonably infer that other States will yield upon closer examination very similar material.

In western Alabama the Selma chalk has a thickness of nearly 1,000 feet. The basal Eocene
strata which in this region overlie the Selma chalk were formerly correlated with the Ripley
formation. The error was corrected in part by Harris® in 1896, in part by Smith’ in 1910, and
in part by the writer. Typical exposures of the Selma chalk are shown in Plate V, 4 and B.

1 Langdon, D. W., jr., Variations in the Cretaceous and Tertiary strata of Alabama: Bull. Geol. Soc. America, vol. 2, 1890, pp. 587-606.

2 Veatch, Otto, Second report on the clay deposits of Georgia: Bull. Geol. Survey Georgia No. 18, 1909, pp. 82-106.

3 Winchell, Alexander, Statistics of some artesian wells of Alabama: Proc. Am. Assoc. Ady. Sci., vol. 10, pt. 2, 1857, p. 91.

4 Smith, E. A., Langdon, D. W., jr., and Johnson, L. C., On the geology of the Coastal Plain of Alabama, Geol. Survey Alabama, 1894, p. 255.

5 Idem, pp. 276, 285.

6 Harris, G. D., The Midway stage: Bull. Am. Paleontology, vol. 1, No. 4, 1896, pp. 25-36 (139-150).

7 Smith, E. A., Cretaceous-Eocene contact, Tombigbee River, Ala.: Jour. Geology, vol. 18, No. 5, 1910, pp. 430-434.

8 Stephenson, L. W., unpublished notes on sections at Bridgeport and Old Canton landings, Alabama River, in Wilcox County, and at Liy-
ingston, in Sumter County.

16 CRETACEOUS DEPOSITS OF THE EASTERN GULF REGION.

Lithologic subdivisions—In 1903 Smith! divided the Selma chalk in Alabama into three
parts on the basis of the relative content of lime and clay. The lower portion, which he esti-
mates to include approximately one-third of the total thickness of the formation, contains 25
per cent or more of clayey impurities; this he called the Selma division. (See Pl. V, B.) The
middle portion, estimated to embrace one-third of the total thickness, contains less than 25
per cent of clayey impurities; this he called the Demopolis division. (See Pl. V, A.) The
upper portion, embracing the remainder of the formation, contains 25 per cent or more of
clayey impurities; this he called the Portland division.

The purer phase of the chalk, Smith’s Demopolis division, is traceable from western Ala-
bama eastward in Alabama and northwestward and northward in Mississippi, but in each
direction it becomes gradually thinner and less pure and eventually grades into impure sandy
and argillaceous phases of the chalk rock. The impurities mentioned by Smith as distmguishing
the lower and upper divisions of the chalk are not all of a clayey character, for important per-
centages of sandy impurities are known to be present in considerable thicknesses of the strata,
especially in the upper division in western Alabama and east-central Mississippl.

Eastward in Alabama and northward in Mississippi the Selma chalk merges along the
strike of the beds into nonchalky equivalents. This relation, as regards eastern Alabama,
was formerly recognized as probable by the Alabama geologists (as shown by the quotations
given below), but the vertical ranges of the fossils were not at the time sufficiently well known
to permit a positive statement.

It will be seen that the main variation from the western Alabama type consists in thev ery great increase in the
area occupied by the strata of the Ripley type in the eastern part of the State. Whether this results in part from an
increase in the thickness of the strata themselves or from undulations in them may not perhaps be definitely asserted,
but, taken in connection with the apparent absence of all the strata that can be referred to the Rotten limestone, it
seems most probable that there is actually much greater thickness of the rocks of the Ripley type along the Chatta-
hoochee and its vicinity than farther west, and that the Rotten limestone is replaced or represented-by strata of the
physical aspect of the Ripley. The paleontology of these two divisions of the Cretaceous has not been very well
worked out, so that the shells give us comparatively little help in the matter, especially when we consider the fact
that in the Rotten limestone, although it has a very large number of shells in its strata, these shells are of very few
kinds and mostly of those kinds that are common in the Ripley strata also.?

East of the drainage of the Alabama River the Rotten limestone, such as occurs in Marengo, Perry, Dallas, Lowndes,
and Montgomery counties, is not represented. The exact eastern limit of this group has not as yet been determined,
but evidences of its decreasing thickness are seen in the narrow outcrop in the neighborhood of Pike road, Mont-
gomery County, where its north and south extent is only 5 miles as contrasted with 30 miles in Dallas County. Further
than this decrease in thickness our present information does not warrant us in saying anything. As has been stated
before, no rocks bearing any lithologic resemblance to the Rotten limestone have been seen on the Chattahoochee
River, whether or not this group is represented by strata of different composition from the typical aluminous limestone
we are not in position to say, since no critical examination of the fossils of the several divisions of the Cretaceous
has yet been undertaken. It fs much to be regretted that the divisions have been of necessity made on such arbitrary
grounds as mere lithologic differences, since marked variations can be noted in almost any stratum of any of the
groups, and experience in both the Tertiary and Cretaceous of Alabama has proved the risk of creating groups on
any but combined physical and faunal differences.*

Deposition—When the formation of the Selma chalk began, the conditions favorable to
this sort of deposition existed throughout an offshore area extending from western Russell
County, Ala., to Itawamba County, Miss., a distance of approximately 300 miles. As Upper
Cretaceous time progressed the area in which chalk was being laid down underwent certain
marked expansions and contractions due to fluctuating conditions of sedimentation. In
Mississippi conditions unfavorable to the deposition of chalk at first spread gradually south-
westward from Itawamba County for 15 or 20 miles, producing the tongue of Tombigbee sand
which extends from the north to the south through Lee County. (See Pl. IX, in pocket.)
This was followed by a rapid northward extension of conditions favorable to the deposition of
impure chalk, thus producing a long tongue of Selma chalk reaching as far as Hardin County,
Tenn. Then succeeded a more gradual spreading of unfavorable conditions southward through

‘Smith, E. A., The Portland cement materials of central and southern Alabama: S. Doc. No. 19, 58th Cong., Ist sess., 1903, pp. 12-23, map.
2 Smith, E. A., Langdon, D. W., jr.,and Johnson, L. C., On the geology of the Coastal Plain of Alabama, Geol. Survey Alabama, 1894, pp.
275, 276.

3 Idem, pp. 430, 431.

U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 81 PLATE V

A. TYPICAL EXPOSURE OF THE SELMA CHALK, JONES BLUFF, TOMBIGBEE
RIVER, NEAR EPES, SUMTER COUNTY, ALA.

B. SELMA CHALK AT ITS TYPE LOCALITY, ALABAMA RIVER, SELMA, ALA.

U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 81 PLATE VI

A. CLASSIC FOSSIL LOCALITY OF THE RIPLEY FORMATION, BLUFF ON OWL
CREEK, 3 MILES NORTHEAST OF RIPLEY, TIPPAH COUNTY, MISS.

B. BEDS OF THE McNAIRY SAND MEMBER OF THE RIPLEY FORMATION,
CUT OF SOUTHERN RAILWAY 1% MILES WEST OF CYPRESS, McNAIRY
COUNTY, TENN.

PAST AND PRESENT INTERPRETATIONS. 17

Mississippi to the northern part of Noxubee County; this resulted in the production in Ten-
nessee and Mississippi of the nonchalky Ripley formation above the Selma chalk. Finally
there was another expansion of favorable conditions northward to a short distance north of
Houston in Chickasaw County, forming the long narrow strip of chalk rock which makes up
the extreme uppermost strata of the Cretaceous above the sands of the Ripley formation in
Oktibbeha, Clay, and Chickasaw counties. (See Pl. IX.)

In Mississippi, therefore, part of the Selma chalk is replaced by synchronous nonchalky
beds, and northward in Tennessee all of the Selma is eventually thus replaced. In northern
Mississippi and in Tennessee the nonchalky time equivalents of the basal portion of the Selma
are referred to the Eutaw formation, and these equivalents include a part of the Tombigbee
sand member of the Eutaw formation and all of the Coffee sand member of the Eutaw. (See
Pls. EX, in pocket, and X, p. 20; also pp. 12-15 and 21.) The time equivalents of the upper
part of the Selma in Mississippi and northward in Tennessee, Kentucky, and southern [inois
are referred to the Ripley formation.

In eastern Alabama, immediately after the beginning of chalk deposition, the conditions
unfavorable to the formation of chalk gradually spread westward from Russell County, the
materials laid down in the east being nonchalky marine beds which are here referred to the
Ripley formation. Near the close of Upper Cretaceous sedimentation, as the record is pre-
served, these unfavorable conditions had reached nearly to the western part of Marengo
County, Ala. (See Pl. [X.) There was then a sudden eastward extension of favorable condi-
tions, producing the long strip of chalk rock which extends above the sands of the Ripley
almost to the eastern part of Dallas County and which forms the extreme uppermost beds of
the Cretaceous along this distance. This is the ‘Prairie Bluff limestone” of Winchell.t As
shown by the fossils, this rock is exactly synchronous with the similar tongue of chalk in Oktib-
beha, Clay, and Chickasaw counties, Miss., described above.

Paleontologic subdivisions.—The Selma chalk in the region of its fullest development is
divisible on paleontologic grounds into two parts; the lower, embracing approximately the
lower half of the formation, is most conspicuously characterized by the presence of Exogyra
ponderosa Roemer; the upper, embracing the remainder of the formation, is characterized by
the presence of Exogyra costata Say and carries a fauna, especially near its top, which corre-
sponds in a general way with the fauna of the originally described Ripley formation exposed
in the bluffs of Owl Creek, 3 miles northeast of Ripley, Tippah County, Miss., though it

contains fewer species.
RIPLEY FORMATION.

Mississippi.—The typical materials of the Ripley formation consist of marine, more or
less calcareous and glauconitic sands, sandy clays, impure limestones, and marls. These
were originally described by Hilgard.2 The bluffs of Owl Creek, 3 miles northeast of Ripley,
Tippah County, Miss., may be considered the type locality of the formation. One of the
classic Owl Creek exposures is shown in Plate VI, A. Eocene limestones (Midway formation)
which immediately overlie the Ripley formation in the Owl Creek region were included by
Hilgard in the Ripley. This error in correlation was corrected by Harris,? in 1896.

Tennessee and northward.—tIn the vicinity of the Tennessee State lme and northward
in Tennessee all but the basal beds of the formation appear to merge along the strike into
shallow-water equivalents consisting of irregularly bedded, largely nonglauconitic sands and
subordinate clays, probably in part of marine, in part of estuarine, and in part of fresh-water
origin. Since the time of Safford* these have been correlated with the Ripley formation.
Their lithologic dissimilarity to the typical materials of the Ripley formation seems to justify
the use of a member name to designate them, and the name McNairy sand member, derived

1 Winchell, Alexander, Statistics of some artesian wells of Alabama: Proc. Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci., vol. 10, pt. 2, 1857, p. 90.

2 Hilgard, E. W., Geology and agriculture of Mississippi, 1860, pp. 83-95.

3 Harris, G. D., The Midway stage: Bull. Am. Paleontology, vol. 1, No. 4, 1896, pp. 22-25 (136-139).

4 Safford, J. M., On the Cretaceous and superior formations of west Tennessee: Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 37, 1864, pp. 360-372; Geology of Tennessee,
1869, p. 550, plates and map.

105°—No, 81—14—_2

18 - CRETACEOUS DEPOSITS OF THE EASTERN GULF REGION.

from McNairy County, Tenn., is proposed. The type section of this member is exposed in a
cut of the Southern Railway 14 miles west of Cypress station in this county, where the railroad
passes through a ridge known as “Big Hill.” (See Pl. VI, B.) A section of this cut is given
below: :

Section of McNairy sand member of Ripley formation in cut on Southern Railway 14 miles west of Cypress station, McNairy
County, Tenn.

Feet.
6. Yellowish sandy loam, grading down into reddish argillaceous, rather coarse sand with irreg-
mlanironicrustsialone base. .-.25 <5. 55<h lessee neem enol is sen Se eee ee eee 6
5. Coarse, loose cross-bedded varicolored sand with scattered small white clay films and pellets
and with irregular sandy iron concretions in upper 2 feet........-..-.-.-------.------------ 17-24
4. Coarse corrugated ferruginous sandstone presenting many parallel cavities, round to irregular
in cross section, of all diameters up to a foot or more, the cavities all pointing northeast and
southwest. Pockets of varicolored sand occur intermixed with the ironstone masses. -.-...-- 3-10
3. Massive, loose, fine micaceous sand, pale yellowish green in upper part and blotcbed and
streaked ;withipurplesinilowerpartsses. nee see ee ee 20
2° Trregularlayer otiterruginous sandstones: sss. soe qoem ia Aas ne ee 13
1. Pale yellowish-green, loose, finely micaceous sand with numerous thin lamine of white and
drab clay; toward the western end of the cut short, relatively thick lenses of black, car-
bonaceous clay reaching a maximum thickness of 8 or 10 feet. The black clay contains a few
imperfectly; preservedileafmemains® 222 cjsjoseis esate Serie ore iets See cere ee eee ene 25-30

The McNairy member extends northward as a belt 5 to 15 miles in width, through Ten-
nessee and Kentucky, to the southern extremity of Illimois. It is correlated with the Ripley
formation, chiefly on the grounds of supposed continuity of strata. So far as known to the writer
the only paleontologic evidence throwing light on the age of the member is that furnished
by a single fossil found near Cairo, Ill. This specimen was discovered in an excavation for a
bridge pier and later came into the possession of the State Museum at Springfield, IU. Thence it
was sent to Dr. C. A. White, at the National Museum, Washington, D.C., and was identified by
him as Lzogyra costata Say. Recently the specimen was again sent to Washington by request
and was determined by the writer to be a typical specimen of Exogyra costata var. cancellata
Stephenson. The information given on the label accompanying the specimen is as follows:
“Specimen No. 8358 of the State Natural History Museum, Springfield, I. Locality: Bottom
of Ohio River; found in sinking a caisson for Illmois Central Railroad bridge near Cairo, Ill.”
The shell was not waterworn. Portions of the matrix in which the shell was originally em-
bedded, adhering to the surface, consisted of fine gray calcareous, argillaceous, micaceous
marine sand. Although from the account of its discovery it can not be positively asserted
that this specimen of Exogyra was in its original position in marme sand where found, the
assumption that it was in place seems reasonable. Whether this marine sand exists as a lens
in the predominantly shallow-water beds of the McNairy sand member or constitutes a north-
ward extension of the stratigraphically lower, purely marine strata of the Ripley formation
of Tennessee, which in Kentucky and Illinois have become overlapped and buried by the
beds of the McNairy member, is not definitely known. However, on the assumption that
the specimen belonged in place where found, the Cretaceous sea is shown to have extended,
probably as a broad, open embayment, as far north as Cairo. On the same assumption the
containing beds belong stratigraphically within the zone of Exogyra costata (see p. 23) somewhere
below the Liopistha protexta subzone.

Safford included in his Ripley certain fossiliferous beds in eastern Hardeman County,
Tenn., which Harris! later showed to belong to the overlying Midway formation of the Eocene.

Alabama and Georgia—The time equivalents of the Selma chalk in eastern Alabama
and in Georgia are referred in their entirety to the Ripley formation. The strata, except
certain lithologie variations described below as members, are similar lithologically to the
typical materials of the Ripley formation of northern Mississippi. They consist in the main
of dark-gray or greenish-gray more or less calcareous and glauconitic sands, sandy clays,

U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 81 PLATE VII

A. MARINE BEDS OF THE RIPLEY FORMATION, CHATTAHOOCHEE RIVER,
EUFAULA, ALA.

B. MARINE BEDS OF THE RIPLEY FORMATION, CUT OF LOUISVILLE &
NASHVILLE RAILROAD 1% MILES NORTH OF FORT DEPOSIT, LOWNDES
COUNTY, ALA.

U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 81 PLATE VIII

A. CUSSETA SAND MEMBER OF THE RIPLEY FORMATION OVERLAIN BY
TYPICAL MARINE BEDS OF THE FORMATION, CUT OF SEABOARD AIR
LINE RAILWAY AT HICHITEE (MANTA STATION), CHATTAHOOCHEE
COUNTY, GA.

B. BEDS OF PROVIDENCE SAND MEMBER OF THE RIPLEY FORMATION,
GULLY NEAR EUFAULA-LUMPKIN ROAD 10% MILES NORTHEAST OF
GEORGETOWN, GA.

SUMMARY OF PRESENT CLASSIFICATION, 19

of Langdon * except that he included in the division an additional 120 feet of strata at the
base of the series, which are here, on paleontologic grounds, correlated with the Tombigbee
sand member of the Eutaw formation.

The Ripley formation of the Chattahoochee region is divisible paleontologically on the
basis of the ranges of the contamed species of Exogyra exactly in the same manner as was stated
to be true of the Selma chalk. The lower part, embracing the lower one-third to one-half of
the formation, is characterized by the presence of Hzogyra ponderosa Roemer and Ezogyra
ponderosa var. erraticostata Stephenson; the upper, embracing the remainder of the formation,
is characterized by the presence of Exogyra costata Say. The formation contains a large number
of invertebrate species which range from the base, or even from below the base of the formation,
to its top, and it contains also a number of species with restricted ranges, some confined above
and some below the horizon separating the two types of Exogyra. Typical exposures of the
Ripley strata are shown in Plate VII, A, B.

Northeastward from Chattahoochee River in Georgia the equivalents of the Ripley forma-
tion pass first into a series of alternating marine and shallow-water beds and still farther north-
eastward into irregularly bedded sands and clays of shallow-water origm, overlapped and
concealed in central and eastern Georgia by Eocene beds.

The classification of the Georgia Cretaceous deposits adopted by Otto Veatch in 1909? is
essentially the same as that of Langdon, except that Veatch subdivided the Ripley into four
parts—Blufftown marl, Cusseta sand, Renfroes marl, and Providence sand—on the basis of the
alternation of beds of marine and shallow-water origin recognizable in a part of the area.

A part of the ‘‘Blufftown marl,” as previously explained, is here correlated with the Tombig-
bee sand member of the Eutaw formation. The remainder of the “Blufftown” and the ‘‘Ren-
froes marl” are lithologically indistinguishable from the typical Ripley and require no separate
designation.

The basal part of the Ripley formation, embracing 200 or 300 feet of strata, merges north-
eastward from the Chattahoochee region into sreacrenilendey bedded, nonclameominc sands with
subordinate lenses of clay, probably in part of shallow marine, in part of estuarine, and in part
of fresh-water origin. These constitute the Cusseta sand member of the formation. (See Pl.
WEE, el.)

The upper part of the formation also merges northeastward along the strike into irregu-
larly bedded sands and clays similar to those of the Cusseta sand member. This is the Provi-
dence sand member of the formation. A typical exposure is shown in Plate VIII, B. At its type
section near Providence post office (now abandoned) about 8 miles west of Lumpkin, Stewart
County, the member has a total thickness of 140 or 150 feet. The Providence sand is also
represented west of Chattahoochee River along the southern border of the Cretaceous area in
Barbour, Bullock, and Pike counties. It is believed that the top of the Providence sand member
occupies a slightly higher stratigraphic position than the top of the Cretaceous farther west in
the eastern Gulf region.

Both the Cusseta sand member and the Providence sand member increase in thickness
northeastward, whereas the intervening typical beds of the formation, the ‘‘Renfroes marl’’ of
Veatch, become gradually thinner, and eventually in Macon County appear to pinch out entirely.
The entire thickness of the formation beyond this point to the east is apparently represented by
the Cusseta and Providence members.

SUMMARY OF PRESENT CLASSIFICATION.
GENERAL SEQUENCE.

The areal distribution of the several formations and members recognized in tne eastern Gulf
region is shown on the geologic map (Pl. IX, in pocket). Their stratigraphic positions, lithologic
variations, and age equivalencies, are graphically represented in the diagram, Plate X.

An unconformity of regional extent separates the Lower Cretaceous deposits from those of
Upper Cretaceous age. The Upper Cretaceous deposits are believed to form in the main a

Gel D. W., jr., Variations in the Cretaceous antl Tertiary strata of Alabama: Bull. Geol. Soc. America, vol. 2, 1891, pp. 587-606.
2 Veatch, Otto, Second report on the clay deposits of Georgia: Bull. Geol. Survey Georgia No. 18, 1909, pp. 82-106.

20 CRETACEOUS DEPOSITS OF THE EASTERN GULF REGION.

conformable series, although there are local unconformities of slight time importance in some of
the shallow-water phases of the series.

The Upper Cretaceous deposits throughout the extent of their occurrence in the eastern
Gulf region are overlain unconformably by Eocene strata.

LOWER CRETACEOUS.

The oldest Cretaceous strata of the region constitute a terrane which in areal distribution
extends from the Alabama River valley, north of Montgomery, Ala., eastward through Alabama
to the Chattahoochee River valley, at and immediately south of Columbus, Ga., and thence
northeastward through Georgia, intersecting the Savannah River valley at and south of
Augusta, Ga.

The materials consist of irregularly bedded, coarse, arkosic, more or less micaceous sand,
with subordinate lenses of usually massive clay of greater or lesser purity. The terrane rests
upon a basement of crystalline rocks and is separated from the overlymg Eutaw and other
Upper Cretaceous and Tertiary formations by an unconformity. A short distance west of
Alabama River the formation passes unconformably beneath and is completely buried by
overlapping strata of the Tuscaloosa formation.

Fossil plants have been found in the terrane at one locality in Alabama.

UPPER CRETACEOUS.
TUSCALOOSA FORMATION.

The Tuscaloosa formation consists of irregularly bedded sands, clays, and gravels having an
estimated total thickness of 1,000 feet. The sands, even well down toward the base of the
formation, are in places slightly glauconitic; the clays are in part massive and in part thinly
laminated and are not uncommonly carbonaceous and lignitic; both the sands and clays
vary in color from light drabs and grays to dark greens or grays, and are in many places
varicolored, being blotched with purples, reds, pinks, yellows, and browns; the gravels occur
chiefly in the basal beds of the formation near their contact with the underlying basement rocks.

The formation rests unconformably upon a basement which consists chiefly of Paleozoic
rocks, but in part, toward the eastern end of the area, of crystalline rocks of probable pre-
Cambrian age, and in part, at the extreme eastern end of its occurrence, of Lower Cretaceous
strata. The terrane is overlain conformably by the Eutaw formation. The Tuscaloosa forma-
tion has yielded a large number of fossil plant species.

EUTAW FORMATION.

Typical beds—The Eutaw formation consists predominantly of more or less glauconitic
sand, massive to cross-bedded in structure, with, in parts of the terrane, irregularly interbedded
fine lamine and laminated layers of dark clay, the latter usually containing comminuted plant
fragments and some lignite. In places the beds are calcareous, this being especially true of the
basal part of the formation in the Chattahoochee region and of the uppermost beds of the
division throughout the greater part of its linear extent. The total thickness of the formation
is estimated to be 400 to 500 feet. The beds are believed to be entirely of marine origin, although
much of the formation was doubtless laid down in very shallow marine waters. On the basis
of the distribution of massive as opposed to laminated beds two members described below are
differentiated within the formation.

The terrane rests with conformable relations upon the underlying Tuscaloosa formation,
and is overlain conformably in part by the Selma chalk and in part by the Ripley formation.

Marine invertebrate fossils occur abundantly in the basal 100 or 150 feet of the formation
in the Chattahoochee region. Fossils also occur abundantly in places in the Tombigbee mem-
ber of the formation, as explained below. Fossil plants have been found at two horizons below
the Tombigbee member in the Chattahoochee region.

pe sand member

| Crystallines

‘Ripley formation

Eutaw formation

Tuscaloosa formation

IRMITY
Lower Cretaceous

Central Georgia

PROFESSIONAL PAPER 838i

PLATE X

North Atlantic

(Parts of Maryland, Delaware,

and New Jersey)

Upper
Cretaceous

ne

Lower
Cretaceous

Eocene
South Carolina North Carolina a ~ | Manasquan
2
eae ra Rancocas
| Provid sand ber |
Corea Tees sand sand Monmouth
2 25S SS 2—T
(Chest sand member Matawan
Black Creek Black Creek ee ee
a formation formation ee 1 7
< lr
SS j-—— — — |
“ ~
SS SS ~
re Middendorf arkose member Magothy
Sc of Black Creek formation — SS
SSE eee SSS ed Sere
A <<
+ ne SS
Re . t
S Absent
Absent Absent SS x oe ae
, S N Raritan
oe Patapseo
¢ v y wee Arundel
Sees 2 Z Re Ue, ——
it
pat Patuxent
SEG, Sane PGE — IY)
"| Crystaliines
|
LEGEND
H Providence sand member
f
; Selma chalk
oe LER Upper Cretaceous

U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 81 PLATE XI

A. SPECIMENS OF EXOGYRA COSTATA, EXOGYRA COSTATA VAR. CAN-
CELLATA (NUMEROUS), GRYPHAZCA VESICULARIS, ANOMIA ARGENTARIA,
AND OTHER FOSSILS, WEATHERED FROM SELMA CHALK AT “BALD
KNOB,” JOSEPH REYNOLDS PLACE, 3 MILES WEST OF CORINTH,
ALCORN COUNTY, MISS.

B. SPECIMENS OF EXOGYRA PONDEROSA, EXOGYRA PONDEROSA VAR.
ERRATICOSTATA (NUMEROUS), GRYPH4A AUCELLA, AND OTHER
FOSSILS, WEATHERED FROM BASAL BEDS OF SELMA CHALK NEAR
PUBLIC ROAD, 1 MILE WEST OF COTTON GIN PORT, MONROE
COUNTY, MISS.

SUMMARY OF PRESENT CLASSIFICATION. 21

Tombigbee sand member.—The Tombigbee sand member consists of massive, glauconitic,
more or less calcareous and argillaceous sand. Through Georgia, Alabama, and east-central
Mississippi it constitutes the upper 100 to 200 feet of the formation. In northern Mississippi
it thickens above, embracing within its stratigraphic limits beds which are the time equivalents
of a portion of the overlying Selma chalk.

Marine invertebrate fossils are common in the lower and upper parts of the member in the
Chattahoochee region and are numerous in the upper 50 or 75 feet of strata in Alabama and
in east-central Mississippi; they occur also at several horizons in the thickened portion of the
member in northern Mississippi. The teeth of fishes, particularly those of sharks, are numerous
in the uppermost beds of the member in Alabama and in east-central Mississippi, and with
them occur other scattered, fragmental, vertebrate remains.

Coffee sand member.—The Coffee sand member consists predominantly of glauconitic sands
characterized by irregularity of bedding and by the presence of thin lamine and thinly laminated
layers of dark clay. The beds are the Tennessee representatives of the thickened portion of
the Tombigbee sand member of northern Mississippi, which in turn represents the time equivalent
of the basal portion of the Selma chalk. (See Pl. X.) The division has an estimated maximum
thickness of 200 to 300 feet. The beds contain an abundance of comminuted plant fragments
and scattered pieces of lignite. The member has yielded one identifiable fossil leaf, Salix
eutawensis Berry (identified by E. W. Berry). (See p. 26.)

SELMA CHALK.

The Selma chalk consists in the main of more or less argillaceous and sandy limestones
rendered chalky by their large content of foraminiferal remains, with interbedded layers of
nearly pure, hard limestone at wide intervals. In western Alabama the terrane has a measured
maximum thickness of 930 feet as determined by the record of a well at Livingston, in Sumter
County. The formation rests conformably upon the Eutaw formation, and where it attains its
maximum development in western Alabama and in east-central Mississippi is overlain uncon-
formably by Eocene strata.

The chalk beds merge along the strike in either direction into nonchalky equivalents, which
in northern Mississippi and Tennessee are included in part in the Tombigbee and Coffee sand
members of the Eutaw formation and in part in the Ripley formation, and in eastern Alabama
are included entirely within the Ripley formation.

In addition to Foraminifera, the chalk beds contain invertebrate fossils in greater or lesser
abundance throughout thew vertical and horizontal extent, the most conspicuous of which
belong to the families Ostreide and Anomiide. Fossils are especially abundant in places in
the impure, argillaceous phases of the terrane and weather out in great numbers. (See Pl. XI,
A,B.) The chalk also contains scattered sharks’ teeth and other fragmental vertebrate remains.

RIPLEY FORMATION.

MISSISSIPPI, TENNESSEE, KENTUCKY, AND ILLINOIS.

Typical beds.—The typical beds of the Ripley formation consist of more or less calcareous
and glauconitic sands, sandy clays, impure limestones, and marls, of marine origin, reaching an
estimated maximum thickness in this region of 250 to 350 feet. The formation rests with con-
formable relations in part upon Paleozoic rocks, in part upon the Eutaw formation (in Ten-
nessee), and in part upon the Selma chalk. From Tennessee and northern Mississippi south-
ward the successively higher beds merge along the strike into the chalky limestones of the Selma
formation. Northward the typical beds of the Ripley formation are believed to merge hori-
zontally into a series of sands and clays of shallow-water origin, to which the name McNairy
sand member is given. The formation is overlain unconformably by Tertiary beds of Eocene age.

The typical beds of the Ripley formation contain in many places an abundance of inverte-
brate fossil remains, some of which are in a remarkably perfect state of preservation. Sharks’
teeth occur scattered sparingly through the deposits, which also contain a few fragments of
bones.

22 CRETACEOUS: DEPOSITS OF THE EASTERN GULF REGION.

McNairy sand member.—In the vicinity of the Tennessee State line the typical beds of the
Ripley formation, except for a small thickness at the base, appear to merge along the strike into
irregularly bedded, nonglauconitic sands and subordinate clays, for the most part of shallow-
water origin. Their lithologic dissimilarity to the typical Ripley makes desirable a separate
designation for them, and the name McNairy sand member, derived from McNairy County,
Tenn., is proposed. This member probably reaches a maximum thickness of 400 or 500 feet.
The beds have yielded a few imperfectly preserved leaf remains.

ALABAMA AND GEORGIA.

Typical beds.—The Ripley of eastern Alabama and of the immediate Chattahoochee region
in Georgia resembles in all essential physical characters the Ripley of the type region in north-
ern Mississippi. The. total estimated thickness of the formation in the Chattahoochee region is
950 feet. The Ripley rests with conformable relations upon the Eutaw formation. From the
base upward the successively higher beds merge along the strike westward in Alabama into the
Selma chalk. Along the southern border of the formation in Alabama and northeastward in
Georgia portions of the formation, and eventually all of the formation, merge into lithologically
dissimilar materials. These variations from the typical materials are described below as members.

The formation is overlain unconformably by Eocene strata.

As in Mississippi, the typical Ripley in this region contains an abundance of invertebrate
fossil remains which are at many places in a fine state of preservation. Scattered fragmentary
vertebrate remains occur, including bones and teeth. Poorly preserved fossil leaves have been
discovered in marine materials at one locality.

Cusseta sand member.—Northeast of the Chattahoochee region in Georgia the basal 200
or 300 feet of the formation merges along the strike of the beds into fine to coarse, irregularly
bedded, nonglauconitic and noncalcareous sands with subordinate clay lenses, for the most part
of shallow-marine, but perhaps in part of estuarine and in part of fresh-water origin. These
constitute the Cusseta sand member of the formation. No invertebrate fossils have been found
in this member. A few species of fossil leaves have been found at two localities.

Providence sand member.—The upper beds of the Ripley formation also merge northeast-
ward into irregularly bedded sands and clays similar to those of the Cusseta sand member.
These form the Providence sand member of the formation. The thickness of this member at
its type section near Providence post office (now abandoned), 8 miles west of Lumpkin in Stew-
art County, is 140 or 150 feet. Northeastward from the type locality the total thickness of the
member increases, and the underlying typical beds of the Ripley, the ‘‘Renfroes marl” of
Veatch, which intervenes between the Cusseta and Providence members, becomes thinner and
appears to pinch out entirely in Macon County; beyond this county to the eastern extremity of
its areal occurrence the entire thickness of the formation appears to be made up of these two
members. The Providence sand is also represented west of Chattahoochee River along the
southern border of the Cretaceous area in Barbour, Bullock, and Pike counties, Ala.

No fossil remains have been found in this member.

SURFICIAL DEPOSITS.

The Cretaceous deposits are overlain locally in their area of outcrop by relatively thin
surficial deposits, which have been disregarded in the mapping because their distribution has
not been determined in sufficient detail and because their representation is not germane to the
problems treated in this report. j

The surficial deposits consist chiefly of gravels, sands, clays, and loams. Some of them
occupy the uplands between the streams and belong to the class of deposits commonly referred
to the Lafayette formation (Pliocene ?); the remainder are disposed along the sides of the river
valleys in the form of terrace deposits and are of Pleistocene and Recent age. Terraces are
well developed along Tombigbee, Marion, Alabama, Coosa, Tallapoosa, and Chattahoochee rivers.

CRETACEOUS DEPOSITS OF THE EASTERN GULF REGION. Zo

FAUNAL ZONES AND SUBZONES.!
STRATIGRAPHIC RELATIONS.

The paleontologic researches carried on in the eastern Gulf region have resulted in the
differentiation of several invertebrate faunal zones and subzones in the Upper Cretaceous
deposits. Named from the top downward, these are as follows:

1. The Exogyra costata zone, which embraces all the typical marine beds of the Cretaceous above the Ezxogyra
ponderosa zone. Near the top a well-marked sub-
zone designated the Liopistha protexta subzone is
traceable through a part of the region. New fau-
nal elements appear in extreme uppermost Cre-
taceous beds which locally in the region intervene Exogyra costata zone 4
between the Liopistha protexta subzone and the
base of the overlying Eocene.

Uppermost beds of the Ripley formation
(present locally in the region)
Liopistha proterta subzone

Selma chalk
and contem-

2. The Exogyra ponderosa zone, which is , aed
divisible into (a) the part of the zone included rey Bieaea
between the Mortoniceras subzone and the base of euey, for
the Exogyra costata zone, and (6) the Mortoniceras 950 +
subzone. Exogyra ponderosa zone

3. The basal beds of the Eutaw formation.

The stratigraphic positions of each
of these paleontologic divisions and the
estimated thicknesses of strata embraced
by them are shown in the generalized
section (fig. 1).

Mortoniceras subzone

Tombietiee

Eutaw formation

FOSSIL LOCALITIES. Basal beds of the Eutaw formation

For convenience in discussing the
distribution and ranges of the eastern
Gulf Cretaceous fossils the localities from
which collections have been made have
been grouped into the eight areas which

2 Tuscaloosa
are roughly outlined on the sketch map Formation
(fig. 2) and which may be designated (1) 1000 +

western Tennessee; (2) northern Missis-
sippi; (3) region of Houston, Pontotoc,
Aberdeen, Tupelo, etc., Miss.; (4) east-
central Mississippi and an adjacent por-
tion of Alabama; (5) region of Warrior

and Tombigbee rivers, Ala.; (6) region FIGURE te EOE Seles showing fossil zones aud Subzoues in the eastern
Gulf Upper Cretaceous deposits. In northern Mississippi and in Tennessee

of Alabama River, Ala. a) region of the top of the Eutaw formation rises to higher stratigraphic levels than in Ala-
Chunnenugga Ridge, etc., Ala. : (8) Chat- nea and in Esoetiel HESSD, and includes the time equivalents of Ube

3 basal portion of the Selma chalk. Figures indicate thickness in feet. (See
tahoochee River and Georgia. PL. X, p. 20.)

DISTRIBUTION AND RANGE OF THE SPECIES.

The stratigraphic ranges of the invertebrate fossils identified from the areas just named
are given in Tables 1 to 8, inclusive. Jn Table 9 the ranges as given in Tables 1 to 8 are sum-
marized, and columns are added showing the stratigraphic occurrence in the Carolinas and
New Jersey of such of the eastern Gulf species as are common to those States. Comparison
with the western Gulf Upper Cretaceous faunas is omitted from the table and in large part
from the text discussions, because the ranges of many of the species in that region are as yet
but imperfectly known. Approximate correlations are possible, but as paleontologic investi-
gations are now being conducted by the writer in the western Gulf region he has deemed it best
to postpone an attempt at exact correlation until the results of this later work are available.

1 See pp. 41-55.

24 CRETACEOUS DEPOSITS OF THE EASTERN GULF REGION.

In determining the fossils and preparing the lists on which the tables are based the writer
was hampered by the fact that the types of many of the species were not at hand for comparison
and that he had to depend on published descriptions and illustrations. The lists must therefore
be regarded as of a preliminary
character. For this reason it
is to be expected that the ex-
haustive studies of the faunas
of the region soon to be under-
taken will show the necessity
for many changes in nomencla-
ture and will revealsome errors
in the determinations of genera
and species. It is also to be
expected that some species now
regarded as restricted in range
within certain limits will be
found also at higher or lower
horizons. But this lessening of
the number of restricted forms
will probably be offset by the
discovery of new restricted
forms, and by the recognition
of specific differences in forms
now regarded as having wide
verticalranges. Itis believed,
however, that such changes as
are found necessary will be of
minor importance as regards
their effect upon the major conclusions reached through these preliminary studies. Many
questionably identified species and many forms identified generically only have been omitted
from the tables.

100 tt) 200 300 Miles
SS SS

FIGURE 2.—Sketch map showing areas of paleontologic collections listed in Tables 1 to8. The
numbers on the map correspond with the numbers of the tables.

TaBLEe 1.—Range of Cretaceous fossils in western Tennessee.

{Area 1 on sketch map, fig. 2.]

Impure
Ripley for-]| phase of
mation. Selma
chalk.
Exogyra Exogyra
costata ponderosa
zone. zone.

Species.

3 miles west
1 mile west of

of Adamsville.

-
°

6927.
6926—7

Mollusca:

G. sp. (smooth, convex)...
Exogyra costata var. canc
Roemer

Paranomia scabra (Morton). -
Merrell aCOKiraAdh (COLOKtO) <<ce fate ic cle en Sere met ec es a ee eee a eee

a The numbers are the collection numbers of the U. S. Geological Survey; the collections are in the U. S. National Museum.
27.—Selmer-Adamsville road, 3 miles west of Adamsville, Tenn. L. W. Stephenson, collector.

—Lexington-Chesterville road, about 7 miles east of Lexington, Tenn. L. W. Stephenson, collector.

¢ —Selmer-Adamsville road, one-quarter mile west of Adamsville, Tenn. L.W. Stephenson, collector. .
6929.—Adamsville-Coffee Landing road. about 4 miles southwest of Coffee Landing. Tennessee River, Tenn. L. W. Stephenson, collector.

spol Re ny JL bina sono eWay vee welais Ww
Prgloray Syrekoodqelt we at iM ater mola
Ws wie oe not ,yoittoet he den, alii asiiesjeous yell D yahoo Ye abies able on ie eo

Mn al ee :

abeonllon .remiigdgad® .W.f renee :

eronnmdgols Ma bare

epi deren! #

ree
| t 4

Hea tatae ete

Plast sles eke

Vderlarscsaya eee
Eupseiees

cane

Range of Cretaceous fossils in Northern Misrierippi.a
[Area2 on aketeh map, igs?) P-24

Futaw formation (Tombigbes

Ripley formation. Selma chalk. sand member).

dials (h/# |2la ali lpi ala iE lei, eal PA |e |helis E
Peete 53| 33 = 3 Ee | g)8e 3) a3) '4| #2 3
PACEESHE THE HAE EERE E Maclin

Plain bea dle ii TUAVEAS UAE NE IR leeld (0 masala 2 eelde cea

Be
2

:

a

poowozxz
a3

‘Anomis argentaria Morton
A. sp.nov. (found alo at Hartons Biull, Ais, ¢
Paranomia scabra (Morton)

Pulvinites argentea Cot

Crenelia serica Cor
©. eleantula Meek and Hayden ?,
Dretssenaia tippana Conrad...
Pholadomya oco}dentalls Morta
‘Periploma applicats Conrad,
Anatimya sntersdiata Conrsd

AL sta (Conrad) .
a rreroaib

RXAXAMXXKRAKXM! X

XMMMMXM! RRAXXAAAX

4
8 Tho numbers aro the collection numbers of the U. 8. Geological Survey; the collections aro in the U. 8. National Museum.

(Woh —New All r-Pontotoo road, 3 miles south of N¢ ‘Albany, * "s y, L. W. Stophe dL. C. Johnson, colleetors.
(Chose-d Ben dearrip ol preceding locality. of Now j, Miss.; south side of Kings Creek. L. W. Stephenson, collector. TER aa pena ably tery 16) miles northoast of Miploy, Miss. iL Ww mepbenso0, ‘collector. RIA,
eet eet HoT Aaa alles cast of the maln New Albany-Feru roa; exporure at foot of north-taolng slope of Kings Creek valley, ri Sass From, null in fd north of New Albany road, an east ali ‘onoquarter milo west of Dothany, Lee County, Miss. 1. W,
“Albany-W. road st foot oft slope of Kings Creek valley, 2 miles Ne L. ba 5 .4, Prentiss County, Miss. 11, W. Stephenson, collector.
Sa ease cota sp RTP 2 ae Mr, ee ty "gH Unite eminent aR Me; LGN
Imlll ste, 2 ries northeast of Keownvillo, an road to Union County, Miss. 1,, W. Stephenson, ator sontnernite
yrles sath of Maio, Ualoa unt Mla katana cleo wi repbaason, pelieton: Gallen Hl awe of Cano
1 Gheok, 3 mlos northeast i) Coan TW. z On ooo . W. Staphonscin, collector.
play Corinth road, 3) mile northeast Pits UW Beerbansoy cline ooo coemamn, ad Ts, Wr. Blepbenson, collectors, |G EM =Cnt of Gennes eis apm cael ; Stenhenan collec. 7
Laon eallecre: Of Damas, Tippah County, Misi. . W. Stanton and L, O, Johnson, collectors, (57-—Ono and o snorh igi omperiie tevin ra, UW. Stephenson, collet,
: A q 5 114, 05. ‘and L. W. i
Se oe aE ea eee Eee ear ae oe a
Ary vata oer pls Sess cuir CO eT eae mata mile soath of Booneville, Mis, and 8 few hundred yards east of racks of Mobilo & Oblo TR.
apy, Mist, NW: face 18, 14,0. 8." L.C, Jobin, collector. eit, Geb of Gouthern Ry., 3 miles southeast of Corinth, Miss. From paso of Selma chalk and Immediate top of underlying Butaw formation. A. Fy
: Alexander, belng’a part of the old Booker Pate plantation, 54 miles northeast of Ripley, Misi. 1, W. Stephenson, Gh a oneyte iran m rou via iar’ ot mill ate 5 males ona of Reoeyie, MUL iv ‘elepnensca, easton
71. Walnot Creek, 7 miles northeast of Ripley, Tippah County, Mis. 7. ale pNear Hare's eon Tig raw malles panke roast
ata-y Lass oA. ober, of malls east of New Albay, lla lw rol Ma a Noes Aibany-taldwin rd, ot “The Cavan’? ‘4Gl-—Cut of Southern Ity. 2 miles northwest of Burnsville, Tshoraingo County, Miss. UHligant's *Hel’s contract.)

105°—No, S1—14. (To face page 24.) No.1.

. ~DSSNOEE
f fawey >)
d

Pat

Ens ie

ms
‘4

emetic te aii a tcimetnomas mm n e C

lealions? FU od Yo apeionia i
ence PDE, SHR EOCH RIS > Ane) agnhet le able tiles i), eaadlh ae to
Pat aer) anal P loool yatd dns tent ieee, boon orelt- youths Wart Nisam peo -ten9 ation
CMG , Mee
Pomnranosttemeemne CAL sith tara A ix ollny S “atlew Beutel lo aqale oy
fe Goad, Yai eTheeet eocepafest) Iie oe mn8 | ele h wat \o sagottabne seat bot 1 leesiey eit nen

eos rinaadqare . ¥ Pi 3
Pinion weenie. .Cisie caadot ) 1 nots WY elt eso » aeere %

: vor ibe wassup . Wud volte have pon aeliag
wkadiloo imemsiol 3 0 Bae neanade WF ae ah sieht vernal No

:Tom- E ;

| te habeas utaw formation

; big- j ae (Tombigbee sand
j bee ; chalk. member).

isand.:

os oy oy

ne 7; S S oO Mortoniceras

4 e S subzone.
Species. : aq A % ee
s/Bea/SS/E | Es

rH#E|82| s\°al"sla ls [zs

nelaos| 85/88 lou] 5 |2 IES

ES we aa |a5/esia |<. |e

FO |gz |" |F&|8e| 2 | 38 las

3 oO 2 oo 2

Gee ee era) EE ae gts}
=

2 ig |S2/8 |E2BSsl8 ie

iS 3 SS |S SE 1SSS\S 2

Echinodermata:
Cassidulus subquadratus Conrad. ...............
GHintermedius|Slocum reese ase senocie mice clef eli aprnl|iiol t
Slam aster laGuUnOsiis| Slo cuir aimee teraeereratey cence minha ln ene | | NL |
(ERR ETAS CA TUS (MON EOM) Sam wevaretste re crater cerete eetetaters eve Du lagna Tn |g ESE Behe Vesa |W a
Linthia variabilis Slocum. ..... SE RS aig

Vermes:
Mamulusion yxy Morton oy mee enema fee
H. squamosus Gabb. ..-
IEDG MIS OLIGAD De seceant seem ert ees soar enema pee }

Mollusca:
Nucula percrassa Conrad...............---.-----[.-
Perrisonota protexta Conrad...........-.-.-.---H.. ra
Cucullea vulgaris Morton...
Pinna laqueata Conrad......
Inoceramus argenteus Conrad. S604 ba
(OstreaitecticostalGabb ena ee sci
O. plumosa Morton.......
O. larva Lamarck.........
ONpanday Morton eee one seca c see eels
Os pectiliaris|Conrad secs eee ee ees ee eee nee
O. sp. nov. (found also at Blue Banks Landing,’

TING 0h, GUD baacanGaneecresonaneceeeneeserasas
Gryphea aucella Roemer.
G. vesicularis Lamarck
G. vomer (Morton).......-
GEspa(smoothyiconvex) sence cemece en sceeee coe ne
Exogyra costata Say. ---.2- 22.222 22--- ecco eee
E. costata var. cancellata Stephenson.....-.... 4. .
EsponderosayRoemersessseseocec sec eeeee
E. ponderosa var. erraticostata Stephenson....-
Pecten venustus Morton.........-.-...---.----
P. argillensis Conrad. .........
P. quinquecostatus Sowerby...
P. tenuitestus Gabb.........
Plicatula urticosa (Morton)...
Anomia argentaria Morton
A.sp.nov. (found alsoat Bartons Bluff, Ala., etc.) J
A.sp.nov. (ef. undescribed species from Snow

JEG NICS) saaceaaeonaeaaae
Paranomia scabra (Morton) .
Cymella bella Conrad......-
Liopistha protexta Conrad. .
Veniella conradi (Morton)...
Cardium tippanum Conrad..
C. spillmani Conrad.......
Cyprimeria alta Conrad...
Gastrochzena americana G:
Pholas cithara Morton.......
Gyrodes abyssina (Morton)...
Turritella tippana Conrad. - -
T. vertebroides Morton........
T. sp. nov. (two spiral ridges).
Nautilus dekayi Morton....-
N. sp. nov. (large)..........-
Baculites Eipracnsis Conrad.
B. carinatus Morton.........-..-
Placenticeras guadalupz Roemer... -
Mortoniceras texanum Roemer (var. ?) -
Belemnitella americana (Morton)

i henson, collector.
4053.—One mile south of Houston, Miss., on New O upelo, Miss. L. W. Stephenson,

No number.—Houston, Miss. Collector (2).
6849.—From washes in field just northeast of Mobile
6473.—From slope facing Soctahoomah Creek valle
collector.
6474.—One and one-half miles south of Houstcn, Mis|
6470.—Road leading south from Pontotoc, Miss., one}
No number.—Location, Patterson farm, 3 miles sou
No number.—Location, Pontotoc, Miss. Collector (]°
6852.—Exposure along right bank of small branch.
Pontotoc County, Miss. . W. Stephenson, collector.
6853.—Street exposure at southeast edge of Pontot
Stephenson, collector.
6854.—New cut of New Orleans, Mobile & Chicago R
6858.—New Orleans, Mobile & Chicago R. R., about
Stephenson, collector.
6855.—Fontotoc-Tupelo road, a mile east of Pontoto
6856.—Pontotoc-Tupelo road, 2 miles east of Pontoto
6857.—Pontotoc-Tupelo road, about 5 miles east of P.
6850.—Cut of Mobile & Ohio R. R. about 7 miles nor
6469.—A berdeen road, 64 miles southeast of Pontoto
6471.—Troy-Shannon road, one-quarter mile east of
6860.—Houston-West Point road, about 2 miles sout'
6859.— West Point-Houston road, one-quarter mile s
6472.—From gullies south of Troy-Shannon road, 3

T.
rT.
Stephenson, collector.

L. W. Stephenson, collector.

collector.

collector.
olonaroad and about 7 miles northeast of Okolona,

ek, at foot of east-facing slope bordering the bottom

Eutaw formation.) L. W. Stephenson, collector.
County. L. W. Stephenson, zollector.

mson, collector.

105°—No. 81—14. (To face page 24

TasiE 3.—Range of Cretaceous fossils, region of Houst

[Area 3 on sketch map, fig.

lon, Pontotoc, Aberdeen, Tupelo, etc., Miss.¢

2, p. 24.)

Selma | Eutaw formation

Ripley formation. Selma chalk. halk (Tombigbee sand

Gis, member).

Exogyra costata zone. Exogyra ponderosa zone.

mod [2 [= [= (2 [2] JE.(/2 Pe ba [® [= [2 la lg (elg_le [= [2 = fe le le ie ee 3 = a lz = [Su] sortoneras

Species. 2000. aig |@ |8.|3 32 & 5 Pale |e # /2./3.| selss/4 |3 12 |l@ |e |2 13 18 le lg 4 a|2 |g 3 |se] subsne.
RS os | 9 3 sl;aesigs| 3. |e. -|/3a}/2s] 5 /28/85/8e Ps Ea = = = = 2 g 3 ie 2 eee, |e 3 FAs
a 25 "ag l%gi/as] a of | oS Iecsrssl °s $/°3188/88] 2/32) eas eee rah | eats a ee || tae A A Ts a4 &.|/28/3s] °s|F | ;
2. = g8\¢ essa] _8|.38| 42 2/4 |? all all aouke s|o6|°s|°4] . | 88 Sei/ss| 2 i lta | a8
Ee g2|2|22| Fs) s a | 82) 28/85/25 | 38/23] 23/22] 3 |2s|e2| 23/23) 25 | 2 a3 |22|93|e3|25) 2 | os | 3s 83 |22|e2|38|e8|on] 218 [8
Bs ag eeiee loo a #3 |S lopsCas!] se /ES1ee/a8le2e] S |Sselesl se] ee] 62 a4)a5|a5|a5|8e8] & | aH) e8 aglau (Se (Se )saiael a |<. 5
ae |. [FR /*8/Fs lee] 3 |g [se (Se bce. os) 2 | FS | 28 |FE/ Be] a | BB | Fe Fe! 6 HOP RE) RE | HE] ES | 2 | Bo | Fe Be Go |e2|# | RE) es) 2 | 9s |e8
3 25 Beals 2 8 eeeillane taersiearel aot |i 3 | ss Ee) as|e si|= a |csles 3 | 83 |as
fe gS |e }a = ) -S [nc] [psy ry a0 6 2 OV AS | ce CA = S |} ae|F a nd | = | Cl= |; RS:
lee (2 | (2 fale lage geeueblg [dd le fe (2 idee id jd yd 12 12 le 12 12 12 2 Va th le iid |b°lgeid ald (lee
= . s oS S a a a a So 2 ¢ x u cS
Be Leis |§ 15 (8 |2\éle°|2 B 2 |2 3/3/28 s 18 |8 |8 |8 |8 12 13 18 138 | 8 (8 |8 2/2 |2 |28/2 |22 888/83 Bor
hs Pe fe | |
|

Echinodermata:
Cassidulus subquadratus Conrad
C. intermedius Slocum...
Hemiaster lacunosus Slocum
HH. parastatus (Morton).
Linthia variabilis Slocum.

x

O. panda Morton.
O, peculiaris Conrad

E. ponderosa var. erraticostata Stephenson.
Pecten venustus Morton...
P. argillensis Conrad. -...-
P. quinquecostatus Sowerby.
P. tenuitestus Gabb...---.
Plicatula urticosa (Morton)
Anomia argentaria Morton. -
A.sp.noy. (found alsoat Bartons Ala. ete.
et noy. (ef. undescribed species from Snow
|, N.

RECON 55 eee sAseend I>
5 - x

Paranomia scabra (Mo!
ee bella Conrad.
Liopistha protexta Co!
Veniella conradi (Morton).
Cardium tippanum Conrad
C. spillmani Conrad.

Gyrodes abyssina (Morton)
Purritella ti aaa Conrad.
a yertebro. Ce
\. sp. nov. (two ridges).
Nautilus dekayi tarpon
N. sp. nov. (large).....-.
Bacoulites tippaensis Conrad.
B. carinatus Morton...-..-..
Placenticeras guadalups Roemer
Mortoniceras texanum Roemer (var. ?) -
Belemnitella americana (Morton) ...-

4053.—One mile south of Houston, Miss., on New Orleans, Mobili pte r
Nonumber.~ Houston St : ‘Galietar r lobile & Chicago R.R. A. F. Crider, collector.
.—From was! just northeast of Mobile & Ohio R. R. track (Houston branch), 1} miles northeast of Houston, Mi!
ai slope facing Soctahoomsah Creek valley on Houston-Buena Vista road, 2 m: es ae of Houston, Miss., in Tt Sae Oop SET Bteptenony
6474.—One and one-half miles south of Houston, Miss., on main road leading south, in Chickasaw County. L. W. Si
Clash Headings pen Enromag onto Miss. onechalf ee pipers i ti mile from town. L. W. Misaeatan NCH soenter:
—Locat 0) A
Nonnmber.—Location, Pontotoc, Miss, Collector (). ee
.—Exposure along ri i i
Ponteteo Gone te atias: iB “ign iE nel eral branen, one-eighth to one-quarter mile south of the station (New Orleans, Mobile & Chicago R. R.) at Pontotoc,
Sietteae ole St southeast edge of Pontotoc, Pontotoc County, Miss., near new embankment of New Orleans, Mobile & Chicago R. R. L. W-
6854,—New cut of New Orleans, Mobile & Chicago R. R., one-half mile south of the station at Pontotoc, P enso)
pi onto!
6858,—New Orleans, Mobile & Chicago R. R., about 24 miles northwest of Pontotoc, Pontotoc County, Miss. ofpe Gaunt fires ot a ‘eet of oes Ph.

a The numbers are the collection numbers of the U. S. Geological Survey; the collections are in the U.S. National Museum.

6863.—From washes in hill slope facing west, a short distance north of Pontotoc-Tupelo road, 6 miles west of Tupelo, Miss. L. W. Stephenson, collector.
6866.—Okolona-Houston road, 44 miles west of Okolona, Miss. L. W. Stephenson, collector.

6865.—Okolona-Houston road, 3 miles west of Okolona, Chickasaw County, Miss. L. W. Stephenson, collector.

Okolona-Houston road, 2 miles west of Okolona, Chickasaw County, Miss. L. W. Stephenson, collector,

From bald spots and gullies near Okolona-Pontotoc road, 24 miles northwest of Okolona, Miss. L. W. Stephenson, collector,

Pontotoc-Tupelo road, 3} miles west of Tupelo, Miss. L. W. Stephenson, collector.

—Pontotoc-Tupelo road, about 3 miles west of Tupelo, Miss. L. W. Stephenson, collector.

—From bald spots on and near Tupelo-Chesterville road, three-quarters of a mile west of Tupelo, Miss.

689.
6889.—From the bed of a dry branch intersecting Okolona-Houston road, one-half mile west of Okolona, Miss. L. W. Stephenson, collector.
6890.—From a bald spot on west edge of the town of Okolona, Miss. L. W. Stephenson, collector.
6891.—From bald spots near Okolona-Nettleton road, a mile northeast of Okolona, Miss. L. W. Stephenson, collector.
6898.—Tupelo-Chesterville road, 1} miles west of Tupelo, Miss. L. W. Stephenson, collector.

L. W. Stephenson, collector.

68099.—From gullies north of Plantersville-Verona road, about 1} miles east of Verona, Miss. i
—From washes east of Tupelo-Verona road, in field Beene south of Tupelo, Miss. L. W. Stephenson, collector.
'892.—From gullies on Erskine Miller’s place, near Black Oak Grove church, a few rods west of Nettleton-Okolona road and about 7 miles northeast of Okolona,

Steph b Fs 7
sphenson, collector, Miss. L. W. Stephenson, collector.

'6855,—Pontotoc-Tupelo Toad, a mile east, of Pontotoc, Pontotoc County, Miss. L. W. Stephenson, collector.

6857.—Pontotoc-Tupelo road, about 5 miles east of Pontotoc, Pontotoc County, Miss, L. tephi
6850.—Cut of Mobile & Ohio R. R. about 7 miles northeast of Houston, Chickagaw County, Biss (Houston, naar L. W. Stephenson, collector.
ral meardgen road Be pals aE a ee one nOnty xide of creak at ao of bridge. L. W. Stephenson, collector. 2 ‘
hann D ‘on! unty, Miss. L. W. Steph
pe prone ane est Point road, about 2 miles southeast of Caradine store, Clay County, Miss, neon ALE ne L. W. Stephenson, collector.
ee ae 0) puston poe one-quarter mile south of Caradine store, Clay County, Miss. From a bald spot. L. W. Stephenson, collector.
.—From gullies south of Troy-Shannon road, 3 miles east of Troy, in Lee County, Tiss. L. W. Stephenson, collector. 4 ‘

105°—No. 81—14. (To face page 24.) No, 2,

6893. —Nottleton-Okolona road, 4 miles southwest of Nettleton, and a mile southwest of bridge over Town Creek, at foot of east-facing slope bordering the bottom

6856.—Pontotoc-Tupelo road, les east of Pontotoc, Pontotoc County, Miss. L. W. Stephenson, collector. nds of Town Cree! - y ui igbee sand member of Eutaw formation.) sphenson, S
toc-Tupelo road, 2 mil ny . LW. lands of Ti Creok. L, W. Stephenson, collector. L. W. Steph collector.
fy Si e of Tombigbe

6453, 6900.—Tupelo-Fulton road, about 14 miles east of Tupelo, Miss. (Ton;
6452,—Tupelo-Fulton road, about 8 Sa eres of Fulton, Miss., and 2 DLilae Ease of Mooresville, Miss., in Lee County. L. W. Stephenson, <ollector.
6886, 6888.—One mile west of Cotton Gin Port, Monroe County, Miss. L. W. Stephenson, collector.

6922, 6923, 6924.—Blue Bluff, Tombigbeo River, right bank, 2) miles north of Aberdeen, Miss. L. W. Stephenson, collector.

6925.—Bluff below railroad padre at Aberdeen, Miss., Tombisbee River. L. W. Stephenson, collector.

6887.—One mile west of Cotton Gin Port, Monroe County, Miss. L. W. Stephenson, collector.

nee ap Na er Ne eS ee ae ee eS

OTRO Cog

4 igh nnn eer sent iim tS

de UUsthOs anune eX

uh up ae
TOR

sc) aah i tog, .0
: HU)670 G O ;
en LAO 9s

i) Bialt)
{yoadiiay
%

atstorenyes
pee eee ri

aren!
i TERN BL
Meron) i
nid 1) epi
eer ns ae
ti ) Wiclen nt gré mat
,. bette? ein nan ma)
TAO? LMG aired
AA} emeneeoey dh Rie
ne) FLUO ot ae
bes hype ig
. (Mey
te yale
MM dea aep

ant to
e il

P ee

me ney
o> | Ceeafany

fWaitsi4one siete fe Yen, ers
5 aeanly
Wile teki sD Ae iti 3 . if Geto) ‘ontode.'T .caleiand pale Tei) taut
Tiger geresitvonsigatey WE aT
Wi Whe ioe en tic fe

eeu 9 ate
FO § wal ah oat te

+—

Eutaw formation (Tombigbee sand
member).

sa zone.

Mortoniceras subzone.

Ply-

Species. g 7 = =
mig igs: es g ay lee gleea
|S@)Fe |e.| 2 | 32 2222224
hel EVE Ge || ey |) Seu Rese eietas
|oa las [ac] 2 | 88 |gbgless
29123 |S¢ I bS |Iogalega
| = 2
Ses. |88| 3 | am fagelegs
SBiHo |wd) so lee asiass
48 flee 13 | S| 32 (8s) es
g aa nO | aS mm eleaslans
S Re" | 88 ease ols
ce) co Oo Oo INDOO|O =)
.
Echinodermata:
Ppfemiaston lacullosus Slocumec 4-22 aoe cece ees se eel | Cera ierais sternite Eisen | eters | sere ots terecersta [erates aterm
Vermes:

Hamulus squamosus Gabb......------------+------------+------4
H. onyx Morton..-...--
Molluscoidea:
Terebratulina floridana (Morton)
Mollusca:
Nucula percrassa Conrad....-..-----------
Leda longifrons Conrad ....-..------------
Perrisonota protexta Conral....--.--------
Cucullza vulgaris Morton .....-----.------
Arca rostellata Morton....-..-.----------
Ostrea plumosa Morton.....-------------
O! tecticosta Gabb.--....----------------
O. panda Morton
Oslanvawamarckessss= 222 sme ae ala
O. peculiaris Conrad....--.....--------
O. sp. nov. (very irregular) ......------
QO. sp. nov. (long, thin, irregular)... .--
Gryphea vesicularis Lamarck.....---.
G. vomer (Morton). -.-..--------------
G: aucella Roemer..--.--------------
G. sp. (smooth, convex) ------..--.. =e
Exogyra costata Say..-------------------
E. costata var. cancellata Stephenson - -
E. ponderosa Roemer.......---------------
E. ponderosa var. erraticostata Stephenson. ..-...--------------.
Trigonia thoracica Morton.....-.-------------------------------+ Be
Pecten quinquecostatus Sowerby. ...-..------------------------- al x x x
IPA tenuitestus (Gab beers ees asceesecsas = ee eeee ool
P. venustus Morton. . Se ee See ose
PWargillensis|Conrad So 2 = == oi 2 3-2-2 2 2- == 222 ------
Dianchora echineta Morton
Plicatula urticosa (Morton)...-..------
P. sp. nov. (found also at Livingston,
Lima reticulata Forbes. ....-.-.-------
Anomia argentaria Morton
A. sp. Noy. (found also at Bartons Bluff, Ala.,
Paranomia scabra (Morton)
Crenella serica Conrad....---
Liopistha protexta Conrad.....
Cuspidaria jerseyensis Weller. .
Veniella conradi (Morton)-...-
Etea carolinensis Conrad... -
Crassatellites vadosa Morton. Re
Radiolites austinensis Roemer...
R. sp. nov. (found at Starkville, Miss., etc.) ..... ..------------- Abs
Sphzerella concentricaConrad...-
Cardium spillmani Conrad...
Cyprimeria alta Conrad. ...-..-
vere planulatum (Conrad)...
Delphinula lapidosa Morton. --
Perissolax octolirata (Conrad) .
Scala sillimani (Morton)..-....-..-.
Lunatia obliquata Meek and Hayden...........--.-.-.-.-----
Gyrodes petrosa (Morton). ...-----.------------------------
Gaabyssinal (Morton) eee one-one
Xenophora leprosa (Morton
Bulla mortoni Forbes..----
Nautilus dekayi Morton.
IN, Soy WO; (ET) oo 53 Sone SnD aS DOC RA COED SHOb GC SOO Se RS COSSEGOH ll Meuse Iaeieee pamela eee
Baculites tippaensis Conrad. .--...-....-..-.-------+----- a
IBA CATINAGLUISIMOr boris ea seer eee. roan see eee eles ane i] Pine Pelle ere ge
iByasper MOrtomessee se eens few seo wo o+ a ce eens
B. columna Morton... .-..-
Scaphites conradi (Morton)-..-.
Sphenodiscus lenticularis (Owen).
12 mticeras planum Hyatt--.
P. guadalupee (Roemer) ---.......--------
Mortoniceras texanum (Roemer) (var. ?)........-----.----
Hamites sp. nov. (found also at Moscow Landing, Ala., etc.)..
Belemnitella americana (Morton)

6835.—Scooba-Giles road, 3 miles east of Scooba, Kemper County, \tion.)
6480a2-b.—Six miles north of Scooba, Miss. Wahalak-Binnsville ro!
No number.—Wahalak, Miss. Wetherby, collector.
6838.—One-fourth mile west of Macon-Shuqualak road, and about
Soe oe Mascon Delaib'rdad, 7th h of M M
.—Macon-De road, 7 miles south of Macon, Miss. (Weathy. Stephenson, collector.
6837.—Macon-De Kalb road, 74 miles south of Macon, Miss. From Sieshonson collector.
3 ae a Peace eles) Cie road, one-half mile south of bri tephenson, collector.
phenson, collector. i north from Waverly Ferry road and
6842.—Edmonds bridge over Oaknoxubee River, 7} miles west of ean aaa ey y uh
3186, 6843, 6844.—A gricultural and Mechanical College near Stark
W.N. Logan, and L. W. Stephenson, collectors.
6845.—Gullies on Aiken farm about 2 miles north of Starkville, Mi
6846.—Gullies near Starkville-Osborn road, about 3 miles northeastise of Selma chalk.) L. W. Stephenson, collector.
6847.—Lee Pearson’s place, Houston-Starkville road, on slope facinjee River, Miss. (Weathered from base of Selma
6861.—Near Cedar Blufi-Montpelier road, at side of road leading no
6480c-f.—See description of 6480a-b, given above. ennessee, and Northern R. R. bridge. L. W.
6479c.—See description of 6479a-b, given above.
6841.—Cut of Mobile & Ohio R. R, 3 miles south of Macon, Noxubt foot of “Boykins Ridge.’’ L. W. Stephenson,
6475.—Bluff on Oaknoxubee River, a quarter of a mile below wago 7
6476.—T wo miles a little south of west of Macon, Noxubee County, r.
6478.—Plantation of T. W. Brane, 2} miles south of Macon, Noxubj C. Johnson and L. W. Stephenson, collectors.
6840.—Three miles northwest of Macon, Miss., on road leading norttephenson, collector.
6848.—Starkville-Osborn road, 5 miles northeast of Starkville, Oktilon, collector.

. W. Stephenson, collector.
iss. L. W. Stephenson, collector.

iles east of Brookville, Noxubee County, Miss.).

Taste 4.—Range of Cretaceous fossils, east-central Mississippi and an adjacent portion of Alabama.

{Area 4 on sketch map, fig. 2, p. 24.)

: Ripley for- : A
Selma chalk. eee ae Selma chalk. Eutaw on nab lebee) sand
Exogyra costata zone. Exogyra ponderosa zone.
g ls 3s la l/s [sos |e lg /agle Ise le l= la la & ele 2. ec as s |g |e le gs) als
uz 2 |e & |a & lay 3 2g ad HES 4 5 2 |2 2 lee lls EL Wee {he 3 i \3 Z Be 3 ea d go Mortoniceras subzone.
Sie 213 )4 (5, /5 |3,/38/6 |€8lacl/ea 2 |ee/s12 |= sg ls |ea/Sg/2 2 12 |5.|5.14 12 |S. |s2l" Be |e | ca ; aS
Ss |a| 2 \ae|s, | sg | ee oe | oe | 82 esl se | ad lS. laa] a lets (84/82 |Se1SalSalsgleg| 3 l4.|S4/84 a8 |2 |gale¢e |3 | 4 | se Begkeg
S leo) = |22)e9) 7d) os). .|.2| ge | “s e2g| "a | os | a 188) 2 |S las |F4| 54/34 sa 192] 22134] 2 |es/48|Se|s iS8 | 8 [Sales |e.| 2 | 38 Beele24
di \ae| 2 \2| 22 | 82/22 |24 [25 | 28 | ae (base [22 | a2 |22| = [Fe lee jag | es | 24 | 22 | S252 | 22] 2 [22 | 22/28 [Es les | s |"E es | 22) 2 | 28 Feares
ga |AS| S | od | as] i fa |S) elaalag ef oso] e2i2el8a| 2 | 88 les 148 | 82) 8s) ge) od | 8a) aq| & |ex|8—/S5)/S4 52 | 2 | anlgs | 35 S jehslas3
a \ee| 4 les\a2 [ne lo le [22 (25 | "a eae| es leg (22 (ae | & las lea [fs |eg (ee |22 de] ae lae| a |22 lee lesl2 [ea | £ (22t° |22| = | 2s Ezzleee
‘| fz? |} So} 3 835] 23 | 7 3 4 Aiea) aa Ss a | Ss 5B |SS IB. | 8 5 | ay B g
& dale lao nt losin a 42/78 Geel Te a ae Fla? eal T= 03 ele iy lf le 14 ir lt (fele legal ® lee treel#e|s (vecheches
g | 8 5 |s2|9 Baslsele°godis’|2 | |e |e le leas 22 le |e |g 3 a |e lgel | d | 2 bee) 1S | | ceoesas
2 2 \3 4 zg | a2 | Bgala" |e je" 12 |§ |2 |e | Ele 22 |? |2 |2 |2 | 2 | 2 |2 |= BFS |8 B2-|g 82 jagesis- oe °
Echinodermata: ‘

‘Hemiaster lacunosus Slocum........-.-..--.-.--..-.--------2-----.[-----.
18S:

Veep eatin squamosus Gabb-

HH. onyx Morton
poidea:

seo erepretulis floridana (Morton)

lusca:

ua Nuculs percrassa Conrad

Leda longifrons Conrad

Perrisonota protexta Conra.

Cuculliea vulgaris Morton

Area rostellata Morton...

Ostrea plumosa Morton.

O. tecticosta Gabb.

O. panda Morton.

O. Jarva Lamarck

G. vomer (Morton).
G. aucella Roemer,
G. sp. (smooth, convex
Exogyra costata Say...
E. costata var. cancellata Stephenson
E. ponderosa Roemer....-..-.----.
E, ponderosa var. erraticostata Stephenson
‘Trigonia thoracica Morton.....
Pecten quinquecostatus Sowerby.
P. tenuitestus Gabb
P. venustus Morton.
P. argillensis Conrad
Dianchora echineta Morton
Plicatula urticosa (Hones)
P. sp. noy. (found also at.
Lima reticulata Forbes...
Anomia argentaria Morton
A. sp. noy. (found also at Bartons Bluff, Ala., etc.)
Paranomia scabra (Morton) -
Crenella serica Conrad. .
Liopistha protexta Conrad.
Cuspidaria jerseyensis Welle:
Veniella conradi (Morton).
Etea carolinensis Conrad. .
Crassatellites vadosa Morton.
Radiolites austinensis Roem
R. sp. noy. (found at Starkville, Miss., etc.) -
Sphzrella concentricaConrad.
Cardium spillmani Conrad

ivingston, Ala., ete.

hin
Del pain lapidosa Morton.
Peri rad

Xenophora le
Bulla mortoni

B. columna Morton.

Scaphites conradi (Morton

Bphenod isons len ficnlacia Owen)
nticeras planum Hyat

P. guadalups (Roemer) ...

Mortoniceras texanum (Roemer) (var. ?)-

Hamites sp. nov. (found also at Moscow Landing, Ala., ete.

Belemnitella americana (Morton)................--.---

6835.—Scooba-Giles road, 3 miles east of S Ke: iss.
Gasia-b.— Six miles north of Scoops, Miss. °Wahalale Binngville fond, west
.—Wahalak, ISS.
6838.—One-fourth milo test of aectner by, colpetor:
som a0 Mtscon-D ‘Kalb road
—) n-De: toad, 7 miles south ‘iss.
0837.—Macon-DeKalb road, 7} miles southoot Mace ais

8 AB
itep! eet

collector.

ee aon bridge over Oaknoxubee River, 7} miles west of Crawford and 2) miles west of Fairport, Miss. LL. W. Stephenson, collector.
D

, O84.

W.N. Logan, and L,

6845.—Gullies on Aiken farm about 2) miles north of Starkville, Miss. L. W. Stephenson,

« The numbers are the collection numbers of the U. 8. Geological Survey; the collections are in the U. 8. National Museum.

W. Stephenson, collector.

k near bridge.

innsyille road, west-facing slope of Wahalak Creek valley. L. W. Stephenson, collector,

Macon-Shuqualak road, and about a mile north of Shuqualak, Noxubee County, Miss. From bald spotin field. L. W. Stephon-
(Weathered out of top of Cretaceous in bald spot.) L. W. Stephenson, collector.

Miss. From exposures in bank of Running Water
6839.—Macon-Shuqualak road, one-half mile south of bridge over Running Water Creek, and 5 miles south of Macon, Noxubee County, Miss. L. W.

6882.—West Point-Montpel

6880.—Land of Charles

6422.—One-half mi’

498.—‘‘Moonplace”’ and ‘Rock Cut,’” va
493.—Five miles north of Starkville, Ok
6st ‘West Point-Cedar Bluff road, a mile east of Cedar Bluff, Miss., near west end of bridge over Lino Creek.
‘Sakatonchee ivan isl below bridge of West Point-Montpelier road, about 3} miles west of West Point, Miss. L. W. Stephenson, collector.
lier road, 2 miles west of West Point, Miss. L.

6883.—A bandoned pit of West Point Brick, Tile & Lumber Co., on nort!
le northwest of Jett,

Pickens County,

L. W. Stephenson, collector.

ey

trong, bein,

Picked up loose in field cast of house.

ani

6919.—Plymouth Bluff, Tombighbee River,
6920.—Roadside gullies from locality near
L. W. Stephenson, collector.

apa

M
Ply:

miles east of Starkville, Miss.
bbeha County, Miss.

near Cochrane, Pickens Coun
of the old Allen Gayin place,
tephenson, collector.

W.

N:

ty, Ala.
E. } sec. 30, T. 16 N.,

iss., 4 to 5 miles northwest of Columbus, Miss. (Weathered from base of Selma chalk.) L.W. Stephenson, collector.
mouth Bluff to one-quarter mile south of Plymouth Bluff, Tombigbee River, Miss. (Weathered from base of Solma

one-half miles northeast of Cochrane, Miss., Stones Ferry, Tombighee River, near Alabama, Tennessee, and Northern R. R. bridge. L. W.

L, C, Johnson, collector.
. C. Johnson, collector.

(Ripley formation.)

Horizon doubtful.)

L. W. Stephenson, collector.

Stephenson, collector.

hern outskirts of West Point, Miss. L. W. Stephenson, collector.

-half Ala., from gully in field near Jett-Foxtrap road. _L. W. Stephenson, collector.
6884.—Gullies in field of Mr. Terrell, just north of Columbus road, 2 miles due east of West Point, Miss. L. W. Ste
6885,—Gullies on land of H. B. Strong, 5} miles alittle north of east of West Point, Clay County, Miss., on road which turns north from Waverly Ferry road and

leads to Bartons Ferry.
64192-c.—Fairfield Bluff, Tombigbeo River,

enson, collector.

L. W. Stephenson, collector.

R. 19 E. (12 miles east of Brookville, Noxubee County, Miss.).

6421.—One and one-half miles east of Cochrane, Pickens County, Ala., on border of Tombigbee River swamp, at foot of ‘‘Boykins Ridge.” L. W. Stephenson,

Stephenson, collector.
6801 Nee Pearson's place, Houston-Starkillo road, on slope facing Trim Cane Greek, 3 miles northwest of Starkville, Miss, U. W. Stephenson, collector.
tasnoy er eaar | ee ni porn at Bug of road leading north, about 44 miles northwest of Cedar Bluff, Miss. L. W. Stephenson, collector. chalk.
Reson deseription of x70 tiven above. — Stophonson, collector
ae qo SUTBIe 80 Been 8 miles south of Macon, Noxubee County, Miss. 1. W. Stephenson, collector.
6470-—Two miles alittio’: cove r, & quarter of a mile below wagon bridge, Macon, Miss. 1. W. Stephenson, collector. collector.

(478.—Plantation of T. W. 2
10.—Three miles northwest of stacom, Mi oe
le-Osborn road, 5 miles n¢

6450, 6921.—Bluff a few hundred yards above the railroad brid;
282, 6451a-c, 6914-0918.—Plymouth Blu
6448.—Vinton Bluil, Tombigbee River,
6449.—Bartons Blufi, Tombigbeo River, in

Cia;

y County,

uf, Tombigbee Ri
Miss.

iver,

right bank, about 13
12 miles northeast of Columbus,

at Columbus, Miss. L. W. Stephenson, collector.

iss.

4 to 5 miles northwest of Columbus, Miss. L. C. Johnson and L. W. Stephenson, collectors.
miles northwest of Cea

Miss. LL. W. Stephenson, collector.
. W. Stephenson, collector.

anil i
sit ebony en
fi (nono

oS HA0%
pect iM. PEM traf | I
NAR Oerp tay |
+)... dats cuted

. bono alien
yes soutilye g
TOM) AUOOLTE
els bane} « :
oj
oil 3 ahiio, a6
wil to dele bay
«« (aaa Scoala
-- Ciena eolt
& fa pe sha

Me "no ye
iow wrobaw tom
503) Hlemeaeeh Tetra RE
ocF va bad) wed
hone i er sh

103
amt a
Per | bigest atonal
lei) Ane o0aoe
vad a ae OM ) tomy
Hof tek on 20s thea h at
MGiss Dae)
i Tt 3h} onto
ST pve!
Sea bd
ht reaatat

eget eae
wait bate oP
‘ Orn
«na SONOM
vol) Hines woul
kava Ga

sarod \ APRS al
v ORie faith TOS pe)

na Mtoe itiv
? a HORORE a Bre ¥
‘eri Fabel jo 4 ona pias Peaito dan

Die trobway bi. serv
SIUM OPA Ta)

Mifen ioe
oT ee
. Ne
ORB OTe
ae y

eel

@ formation (Tombigbee sand member).

-

Mortoniceras subzone.

Species.

| rie Bluff.
—Choctaw
Bluff.

6429a—W olfs Bluff.
6424—F inches Ferry.

Echinodermata:
Hemiaster lacunosus Slocum..................-----------
Rhizocrinus alabamensis de Loriol.............----.------
Vermes:
Hamulus squamosus Gabb...........-...--..-------+----
HOM RPM ODLOM ee ee Soe en cincte nee aibeinn este re mee noe Ife ud yal asae abel eet SPA aidan al Maunnn ee
Mollgiscoides sire mee Uitaie we can a i Ck rt ieniMiiimon 0) SUD chs oo Be aoe iNet Ni pach Sisal Rate ae
Terebratulina floridana (Morton). -.-
FUN HlosalConrade ye asses sees.
Mollusca:
Cucullza vulgaris Morton .............-.2---.2--.22--205-
Ostrea plumosa Morton. ated
ORtecticostalGabbeeneere cece rm
O. panda Morton...
O. larva Lamarck. .
O. peculiaris Conrad.
O. cretacea Morton
O. sp. nov. (found also at Blue Banks Landing, N.C., ete.) .
OSpSMOVGverypicceplar) esos secmcitceis insite eieleclisencio es
O. sp. nov. (found also at House Bluff, Ala., etc.) . 5a RecmeraK carl sine snsaies | aT
Grypheea vesicularis Lamarck........-.....- 54 i
Gavomer (Morton) oo 2e 2 eae no. cin
G. aucella Roemer. -
Exogyra costata Say
E. costata var. cancellata Stephenson... ..
E. ponderosa Roemer..............----.---- x
E. ponderosa var. erraticostata Stephenson. -
‘Trigonia thoracica Morton............-..----
Pecten quindpecostaias MOWeELDYaessieeeee ee
PPvenustus Morton. -.-.--------------------

P.? sp. nov. (foun
Piusp snow. --
Anomia argen’
PAM SDemO Wee eee ech Set ere mapper aN ir no Pace aaiga| Mahe Sid [Bae ec Aa
FPATATIOMIA SCADIAT CMLOLLOID) prea sep sere ee eae ee ee ny Merete aia Ge patos ea Vea ate, Sasa | SMe mT Saha aia
Crenella serica Conrad.:......-.---.-------
Liopistha protexta Conrad--..-..........-.
ealternatanwellera:-ceccsa ets jase ee see
Veniella conradi (Morton) -
Etea carolinensis Conrad.......---..--...-.-
Grassatellitesivad Osa MOnLOme res ie) see eee ee meee dirs NMC Migraine meine so IR peenaT nema
iRadiolitesaustinensis| Rocmers se. s seo n ence see Nia cite pin sit s|icamntae lini aman) a
Cardium dumosum Conrad.....-.---...-..-.
Legumen planulatum (Conrad)....-.........-
Corbula carolinensis Conrad...-.........--.---
Panopea decisa Conrad.........---------------
Gastrochzena americana Gabb ......-.-...---- i aue
Sealarsillimar GM Orton) ose sr eee Siete eae net Neer nen col Unstone ec Pn OH Cartas
ARELISSO LA XG OC LOL Ira Can OMT AC) peeree tse ee arate oe ee ne an te I tener is MBean | ea ea antl nace | ara
Gyrodes petrosa (Morton)..-..-.----..--------
Geabyssina (Morton) Sense eee ee eee ese cee
Xenophora leprosa (Morton)...----.--.-.-.-.-.- Faee

Turritella vertebroides Morton.......-..--.--... Abas 5
Mitrilina Conrad see erie eee ee ees en soca F a5
Bulla mortoni Forbes..--.--.-.----------- actos fo
Nautilus dekayi Morton. .
N. pe nov. (large, found

IBACOMMM Tis MOLLOM eee ree eee eee eee eso
Scaphites conradi(Morton)..................--
Placenticeras planum Hyatt..................-
Hamites torquatus Morton...-..............-.
ISDS TOV eee ee Le
Belemnitella americana (Morton)........................

|
|
|
|

292, 6438.—Moscow Landing, Tombigbee River, about 14 m, mobile). L.W.S
496, 564, 6796.—Old phosphate pit on land of John Wi Bore eae RE aSC ns collector:
LC. Tobreonscollaete p 9 pi and of John Wiatt, m| L. W. Stephenson, collector.
0 and Anes Coe be rat) Sbeat 24 miles southeast (or
-—Livingston-Coatopa road, about 2 miles southeast of yy"
7 Ces ae road, near bridge over Sucarnoc Fest cay: Sion odor: collector
collector. I ear °
6801.—Livingston-Curls Station road, about a mile south Of! hense Deana HOE
5400, 6802.—Livingston-Curls Station road, about three-q uy i
pears Cree Ta: Stephenson collector.
.—Livingston-Epes road, from one-half to 14 miles no
6795.—Linden-Gallion road, 9} miles north of Linden and 8| Fe nets on collec to
TOR Eee Blut, Tombigbee River, about 9 tormation). 1. W. Stephenson, collector.
6303.—Livingston-Epes road, 3} miles northeast of Living, ,, w_. Stephe 11
6804.—Livingston-Epes road, 4} miles northeast of Livin FA GU oe cos eee ee
" ve —Near Benign Landing, Tombigbee River, emits | fyi Ge senpsontand ti We Gtepmensen,
collector.
6435a-D, 6931.—Bluff on Tombigbee River, Demopolis, Ala. DR°RS°™ Collector.

105°—No, 81—14, (To face page 24.) N

Taste 5.—Range of Cretaceous fossils, region of Warrior and Tombigbee rivers, Ala.

[Area 5 on sketch map, fig. 2, p. 24.]

Selma chalk.

Eutaw formation (Tombigbee sand member).

Exogyra costata zone.

Exogyra ponderosa zone.

Ss |s a ila les s q |e z ; z
A m 5 3 | j I g 5 | 5 3 é q a Mortoniceras subzone,
Fi d | 3 |. 14, [cae | 2 2 ioe te a eines z
oe 3 ae) ae ag (Fg |e /< | = |g | delta] 2 | 2 | gala » |2 | 3/68 Geet esac
38 = a3 3 4 3 sé & 3 3 | Teo . a 3 = a é =| =| Ss chalk or top a = BS
3 a8 3 ea | a 88 | ag | & | @ | fe | ee) S | & | ee] es |g | 8 Ne Weel Et es Wa at) Pe le le gE
. St St $e as =] g EI E 2 go Z 2 s 3 E] ~o = | formation, 2 3 $j co)
z 88 | 3 we | Be S| ga 2 gq | 28 4 q FI Se | gl] a 8 | 8a | ¢@ | 48 | A > Ee a = Seq | &
| E/E]. [Bel Se] ele] 2 | 2 lee] aa| a | 4 Pee Gla |e i ces oe Mss lee Vee egeoteea]i a cileaellecenlie
Be || Bro | a x es f g 2 3 F gq |< 3 Ps ‘
ee eee title le lal’ Pree Tie lela eq? aa iieiey:
au cI es 3 | eat 3
=a) L Bid |e a\¢ less 3 | *3 | s 2ie|s g | shes |e 2 | 25 aa |& 4
ag |S28/8 |& | a |5 | 2 z2|2 | 8 |=38| 2 g | 2| 8 3 Als |e Sz | $/2/)2 |e ie a) § |gs8 3

Echinodermata:
Hemiaster lacunosus Slocum...
Rhizocrinus alabamensis de Loriol_

Mollusca: a
Cucullea vulgaris Morton -
Ostrea plumosa Morton.
0. tecticosta Gabb
0. panda Morton.
0. larva Lamarck.
O. peculiaris Conrad.
O. cretacea Morton. -
0. sp. noy.(found also at Blue Banks Landing, N. C., ete.
O. sp, nov. (very irregular).-.......-.-.....-

found also at ous Bluff, Ala., ete.)

E. ponderosa Roemer......---......
E. ponderosa var. erraticostata Stephe
‘Trigonia thoracica Morton........-
Pecten quinquecostatus Sowerby.
P. venustus Morton..-.....--
Plicatula urticosa (Morton).
P.? sp. noy. (found at Dem
P.sp, Nov..-------
Anomia argentaria
A.sp.moy.....--.-
Paranomia scabra (
Crenella serica Conrad -
Liopistha protexta Co!
L. diterna Weller__
Veniella conradi (Mo
Etea carolinensis Conrad
Crassatellites vadosa Morton.
Radiolites austinensis Roemer.
Cardium dumosum Conrad. -
men planulatum (Conrad)
Corbula carolinensis Conrad -
Panopea decisa Conrad. --..-
Gastrochmna americana Gabb -
Scala sillimani (Morton)... --
Gree catalina Conrad) :
es petrosa (Morton) -
© ahyssna Moron aa
‘enophora leprosa (Morton) -
Tarritella yertebroides Morton.
‘T. trilira Conrad.....-

KKK KKK

thtas tippaensis Conrad.
B. carinatus Morton.

a The numbers are the collection numbers of the U. 8. Geological Survey; the collections are in the U. S. National Museum.

292, 6438.—Moscow Landing, Tombigbee River, about 14 miles below Demopolis, Ala., in Sumter County. L.C. Johnson and L. W. Stephe , collectors,
i, an 564, into phosphate pit on land of John Wiatt, now owned by J. W. McCarty, 1} miles west Bl Contanes Sumter County, Ala. L. W. Stephenson and
. ©. Johnson, collectors.
6797.—Livingston-Coatopa road, about 24 miles southeast of Livingston, Ala. From bald spot. L. W. Stephenson, collector.
6798.—Livingston-Coatopa road, about 2 miles southeast of Livingston, Sumter County, Ala. From bald 5 oe L. W. Stephenson, collector.
6799.—Livingston-Ramsey road, near bridge over Sucarnochee Creek, one-half mile north of courthouse at Livingston, Sumter County, Ala.

collector.
CRETE mn-Curls Riston a Bbont a aus south of the Son OU se: at pate tetony Ala. L. W. Stephenson, collector.
— wines -Curl ion ri al rs of a mile south of the courthouse at Livin; 5
at v Ack stip ; io calor i ‘a ie Wc at Livingston, Ala., and just south of the bridge over
— iton-Epes r rom one-] les northeast of Livingston, . Weathered from Sel: halk. L. W.
6795. —Linden-Gallion road, 1) miles north of Linden and 8 or 9 miles south of Galion. From Selma chalk bald spot, iL W. ag epnemson, collector.
ame eee Bh , Tombigbee River, about 9 miles below Demopolis, Marengo County, Ala. T. Wayland Vaughan, L. W. Stephenson, and L. C.
yhnso} rs.

6803, -Livingston- -Epes road, 3} miles northeast of Livingston, Sumter County, Ala. Roadside exposure. L. W.
6804.—Livin, eect road, 4} miles northeast of Livingston, Sumter County Ala. Roadside 33 i e. ‘. W. Bee Sep eera calcetor:

role: —Near Simmons Landing, Tombigbee River, Sumter County, Als, (2212 miles above Mobile), about 7 miles aloe Demopolis, Ala, L, W. Stephenson,
6435a-b, 6931.—Bluff on Tombigbee River, Demopolis, Ala. ‘T. W. Vaughan and L. W. Stephenson, collectors.

105°—No, 81—14. (To face page 24.) No, 4

L. W. Stephenson,

6434.—Bluff on Warrior River, Ala., near plant of Portland Cement Co., a mile east of Demopolis, Ala. (237 miles above Mobile). L. W. Stephenson, collector.

6805.—A bout 6 miles north of Livingston, Ala., on road leading north from Livingston-Epes road. Roadside exposure. L. W. Stephenson, collector.

6806.—Jones Bluff, RiomniG be River, Sumter County, Ala., near Epes. L. W. Stephenson, collector.

6433.—Backbone Bar Blufi, Warrior River, Greene County, Ala. (239} miles above Mobile). L. W. Stephenson, collector.

6431.—Upper end of bluff opposite Lake Bend Bar, Warrior River, Greene County, Ala. (254 miles above Mobile). L. W. Stephenson, collector.

6432a-c.—Hatchs Bluff, Warrior River, Hale County, Ala. (244 miles above Mobile), a mile below mouth of Big rairie Creek, L. W. Stephenson, collector.

6430.—Right bank of Warrior River below Dupheys Landing in Greene Cnr Ala. (about 262 miles above Mobile). L. W. Stephenson, collector.

6429b.—Wolfs Bluff, Warrior River, Hale County, aes Cee miles above Mobile). (Base of Selma chalk.) L. W. Stephenson, collector.

6427.—Stephens Bluff, Warrior River, Greene County, Ala. (278) miles above Mobile). L.

6397.—Choctaw Bluff, Warrior River, Ala. L. W. Stephenson, collector.

6398.—One mile north of Choctaw Bluff, near Selma chalk-Eutaw line. Weathered out of Selma chalk near road. L. W. Stephenson, collector.

273.—Choctaw Bluff, Warrior River, Ala. (Base of Selma chalk or top of Eutaw yorraabiony) L. C. Johnson, collector.

6428b.—Erie Bluff, Warrior River, Hale County, Ala, (267} miles above Mobile). (Base of Selma chalk or top of Eutaw formation). 1. W. Stephenson, collector.

64292.—See description of 64296, given above.

6428, 6428, 6932.—Derie Blutf, Warrior River, Hale County, Ala. (267} miles above Mobile).
maa 318, 6425¢.—Choctaw Bluff, Warrior River, Greeno County, Ala., 4 miles south of Eutaw (279} miles above Mobile). L.C. Jo!

co rs.
6424.—Finches Ferry, Warrior River, Greene County, Ala., 3 miles east of Hutaw (287} miles above Mobile).. L. W. Stephenson, collector.

W. Stephenson, collector.

'T. Wayland Vaughan and L. W. Stephenson, collectors.
son and L. W. Stephenson,

ales ties

POLS PTT DOTHTT |

Rr ox pemipee F By.
SS ant sa :
Dee)

Asics

Tunes

Oy oth

mye
UIE

+ ae Tn}

QL9R

~ (084 Rbk tute ik scant Ear:

ere pe

“nee

sunning as oy

me Read letcreiatuines: aio US sb asd

fat a OME oR Sires ssiphacutidt EF ABO es tye 9h 1 Age fick i rq
See ae sph th ae prem PA, ‘ne ‘ ne i ae ’

gets more

Echinodermata:

Vermes:
Molluscoidea:

Mollusca:

‘ sand member).

Cassidulus subquadratus Conrad ........----------]....--|------|.-----]------
Hemiaster lacunosus Slocum......----------------]..-.--|------

Species.

141—Bluegut Creek near
Selma.

147—East of Kenan’s mill.

149—Ravine on Valley Creek.

6441—Old Hamburg.

142—Near Selma.
| 321—Near Old Hamburg.

Hamulus onyx Morton... ....----------------------]---.--|------|------|------

Moerebratulinaifloridanas (Morton) se\as--=)--aisiyicisiecied sees = = | eaatclete | esac sieeetia lence | see eects
iNuculaypercrassa| Conrad sen seen 22 acrinf emcees |eeeitin | eeanen| seem cll steele = anne) cate cte
@ucnillssabvillparisi Mortons eee ae eet | eee cle | eee eens |e men [Canes va cae
C. antrosa Morton. ....--..----- oobgebeuncosnesescd ladnesl Hscssel ppesde Al sateen 3 emeniiy
Glycy:meris|subaustralis (d’Orbigny)) .-.-- ----2---) 2220222 tee he ci fee ee]. eee.
Ostrea subspatulata Forbes.......----------------].--...]------!.-----
O. plumosa Morton. Daan
O. tecticosta Gabb. -
O.cretacea Morton.
Os panda) Mortone = 22s. fe eeee 22-2]
O. larva Lamarck.... epee ese TaCEOSO CEE [Seman beers
O. peculiaris Conrad - - - - rae Sa a eects ase tual | DR OI:
of diluviana a ala = Aeesoe is
. Sp. Nov. (very irregular)....--.------
O. sp. nov. rend at House Bluff, Ala., e
Gryphea vesicularis Lamarck.....-.-
G. vomer (Morton)....---------
G. aucella Roemer --- Boae Ba
Exogyra costata Say me | cae be | a eed
E. costata var. cancellata Stephenson. ml | Soe eetal hcl ea Petre ane 9] PRbienn en [Ohare | tay te oe
E. ponderosa Roemer. ......-------------- coda : Berayan DeNiees 4
E. ponderosa var. erraticostata Stephemson...-----].._...)......] X |----- xX
Trigonia thoracica Morton........--.-------- real [sts tmeael Me poreacod Nusa [eer S| [Vs | Lesa A
Pecten quinquecostatus Sowerby -----------------|......].....-|....-.|-----
P. burlingtonensis Gabb --------------------------
Plicatula urticosa (Morton)......------------------
Lima sp. (cf. L. pelagica Morton). ..---.-----------
L. acutilineata (Conrad).-.....--..-------------+-+
L. sp. nov. (found at Old Canton Landing, Ala., e4
Anomia argentaria Morton.......-----------------
Liopistha protexta Conrad . O00
(eNalternata \wiellers=-cs-s-------- =< 95-3 =~ ==
Veniella conradi (Mor'
Crassatellites vadosa Morton... nea | Bday ne we | cee «| Carae
Radiolites austinensis Roemer. Bea [ny Remeona Ie : Ay Se
Cardium spillmani Conrad.........-.---------
Legumen planulatum (Conrad)....-..------------
Gastrochena americana Gabb ...-..-------------
Delphinula lapidosa Morton......-..-..---------
Perissolax octolirata (Conrad) -.....------------
Scala sillimani (Morton) .-...------------------
Gyrodes petrosa (Morton)....---.-----------
G. abyssina (Morton).........---------------
Xenophora leprosa (Morton) ......----------
Turritella vertebroides Morton. ...------------

Nautilus dekayi Morton.....-...--.---.---------- fl

N. sp. nov. (large, found also at Plymouth Bluff, M]_

Baculites tippaensis Conrad.....-.-.------------

B.carinatus Morton....-.--.----------

B. anceps Lamarck?.......------------

B.columna Morton......--..---------

Basper Morton e252 -)--+------------

B. labyrinthicus Morton....-.---------

Scaphites conradi (Morton). -

Placenticeras guadalupze (Roemer) xX

P. planum Hyatt.....------------- ah Seba] [Sere | [eta | S82

Mortoniceras texanum (Roemer) (var.? Baer | espana | aac aae tl Pata ol (6 comics AS
x

Hamites torquatus Morton.......-.-------
H. sp. nov. (found also at Moscow Landing, ,
Belemnitella americana (Morton) ......-.--------

ee eee ye 8, R. 10, east of ee tlowv alle, 62
are probably from a horizon corresponding to that attephenson, collector. (These fossils occur
Fe a Pe eee ee as
- matrix t b t
LG MAREN
“i Oe aE aAe pea AD ayslce SO.
6791.—Roc , Alabama River, about a 15829 apply here also.
6794.—Shell Bluff on Shell Creek (or Prairie {ynson, collector. Parenthetical remarks
Prairie Bluff road. L. W. Stephenson, collector.
6790, 6792.—Rocky Bluff, Alabama River, abou
Ripley formation.) ay Siena collector.
180.— Butte on natural moun ount Jones, Nétephenson, coll 2
6524. —Ono-third of a mile below the Janding at dire eens
6823.—Alabama River, just below railroad bridgieast of Selma by the wag Ge ABR ANTS
64422.—Alabama River, House Bluff, about 12 Seas Se a sania
6446.—The Henderson place, 23 or 3 miles sout:
its normal position and thus preserved from erosioN{of Selma). L. W. Stephenson, collector.
6447.—Adam Ensen’s place, about 2 miles south4son, collector.
its oral position oad yes pEenyen a OM
—Field just east of cut of Louisville & Ni formation. L.W. Stephenson, collector.
contact between the Tombigbee sand member of i Cea INNER

105°—No. 81—14. (To face page |

Taste 6.— Range of Cretaceous fossils, region of Alabama River, Ala.¢

[Area 6 on sketch map, fig. 2, p. 24.)

Selma chalk, Selma chalk.

Transition beds of Eutaw formation to Selma chalk. Eutaw formation (Tombigbes sand member).

Exogyra costata zone.

Exogyra ponderosa zone.

Mortoniceras subzone.

Species. 3 3 Ey

Ea We : Sx 3
& g A g ¥ 3 g z| 2
EI E g 2 a 3 a = a
6 ie 2 a a ay I 5 3
Sip | se |e ie | mm |e &
BPE | ee Nae, free =
FN dees Weer ed ieee 3
2/8 2 g

e | |#2|52/ 2 | € | 88] 2 z

6446—Henderson place.

3 ae a & S yn 4 4 "aa (ey
S I 8 5 ‘ g
peieealee a il” 4 \e\a SE WE BE | le
E Ht | Brite
2 a g 4 ay E a a 3 a IM ° s c & e
A ae q 5 2 = EI d BP | 2 a \s ga|2 g\a4 is z I
A Pod set g4 | Od q ad it a elt es c= BS, |Falo4| ¢)3)e |Sa] 481 8
BR Jase Fl || cf] El | eel || |] = SW ee Wet WEEE ell el he | SEH] El |S
q =| FI A | 3a a ga S 2 EW a BSR eeilse | ge lee | oe | eli lig
q | S58 i) cy sf 5 a) 2 2 |gls |#a\e s | 8 ie
a 2SG) Gye We WE EN eh a PN | EE Wee | Fs Wee |e | &
I rey} a ms . =) 5 = BE P = 4 2 3] a a a
LT SU cen SU ni EN Sr nme Mea Wi eT
Ea ali a ¥ a QS igs 2 ~ 3 zs ~
SES ey ies Seales al || “| 3 eee] 8 |/8 12 13 | S/S |S |e |F/e8

Echinodermata:
Cassidulus subquadratus Conrad -
Hemiaster lacunosus Slocum. -...
Vermes:

TEAM TG Re beeen seen eseceaoe a0 soe s6 ya eSee SEE Ee Sere ay BoSeesee Reaoose4 | goeee sd poscoscd bacosed boos ood BS. [Peeeeced beste ced boaccosd beccoced Koacesad ha: soosd baonsced beseoced beeemced Peneeeed heesseesd Heembeed beoesoss besseere hanoemad |. Bs eer el ence

Molluscoidea:

‘Perebratulina floridana (Morton). ..-....---..-..--.-----------------fe-------| 2% | KK | Kae nen e| ene e ee e]e ne eee e elon e ef ene ee] eee enn n |e ee een nano a |e eee ee nda nee cead peceeatel lh aoceend bascasce| Pascoe beconcod| beocetss hoceees | beeaeced| easrorce| Peascosrd beac

Mollusca:
Nucula pererassa Conrad...
Cucullea vulgaris Morton
©, antrosa Morton. ..... > pa----=-|=-=--=~
Glycymeris subaustralis ( = |
Ostrea subspatulata Forbes
O, plumosa Morton
O. tecticosta Gabb-

O.cretacea Morton.

O. sp. Noy. (very irregular).
O. sp. noy. (found at House
Gryphiea vesicularis Lamarck
G. yomer (Morton).

G. aucella Roeme

Lima sp. (cf. L. pelagica Morton).
L. acu oe (Conrad) paso »:

G. aby:
Xenophora leprosa (Morton)......-..---------.--.---------.--------]-------- 4 <
vertebroides Morto S| | in es

orad >

Nautilus dekayi Morto)
N.sp. nov, (large, found
Baculites tippaensis Conrad
B. carina’ irton.

xx

guadal
VERT Hest ace Soe Se

[o} texanum (Roemer) (yar.?)
Hamites torquatus Morton...........
H. sp. nov. (found also at Moscow Landing, Ala., etc.)
Belemnitella americana (Morton) .......---..-

P. planum
Morto

| |

172.—Sec. 24, T.13, R. 10, east of Carlowville, southwest of Minter, Ala. L.C.Johnson, collector. (Although the d locality is i
are ay from a horizon corresponding to that at Old Canton Landing and in the upper part of Prairie Blut) a ASeerIB on of this os neti teule osela
10.—The ‘Larry Dawson” bluff on Alabama River, just above f Tearup Creek. L. C. Jo! mn, collector. [Apparently a mixture of several

. W.8.)
), 6789.—Alabama River, Old Canton Landing, Wilcox pone on about ee aie sepa mouth of Pine Barren Creek. 1, W. Stephenson, collector.
S701 Rockey Bluff, Alal .C. Johnson and L. W. Stephenson, collectors.

iba L
6794.—Shell Bie on Shell Creek (or ein Creek), 5 miles southeast of Catherine, Wilcox County, Ala., a few hundred yards below bridge of Catherine-
Jabama River, about a mile above Prairie Bluff Landing, Wilcox County, Ala. (From gray marine sand forming lower part of blufl;
180.—Butte on natural mound, Mount Jones, near Portland, Ala. Sec. 12, T. 13, R.9. (Horizon doubtful.) L. C. Johnso:
6824.—One-third of a mile below the landing at Cahaba, Alabama River, Dallas Coun Ree L.W. Baia cae yaoleotor:

6823.—Alabama River, just below railroad bridge at Selma, Dallas County, Ala. L. W. Stephenson, collector.

From base of Selma chalk.) L. W. Stephenson, collector.
6446.—The Henderson place, 2) or 8 miles south of ep, ja From beds near (ee of Selma chalk. ani isa block of Selma chalk faulted down below
5

105°—No, 81—14. (To face page 24.) No, 5.

@ The numbers are the collection numbers of the U. S. Geological Survey; the collections are in the U. S. National Museum.

307.—Alabama River, Morgans Landing, Autauga County, Ala. L. C. Johnson, collector.

6820.—In field one-half milo west of Kenan’s milland 3 or 3} miles northwest of Selma, Dallas County, Ala. L, W. Stephenson, collector. (These fossils occur
weathered from beds near the contact between the Tombigbee sand member of the Hutaw formation and the overlying Selma chalk, and doubtless a part of them
came from tho few feet of transition beds betweon the two formations. However, some specimens are shown by the adhering matrix to come from beds beneath the
transition beds, and these are indicated in the table as coming from a lower horizon.)

141.—From Bluegut Creek near Selma, Ala. L.C. Johnson, collector. Parenthetical remarks under 6829 apply here also.

142.—Southeast part of sec. 18, T. 17, R. 12) near Selma, Ala. L.C. Johnson, collector. Parenthotical remarks under 6829 apply here also. E

Rae prom ane of ravine In the NW. } sec. 14 on Valley Creek, 2} miles northwest of Selma, Ala. 1. C. Johnson, collector. Parenthetical remarks

under apply here also.

$2L,—Near Hamburg, eet) Ala. L.C. Johnson, collector. Parenthetical remarks under 6829 apply here also.

265.—Prairies of Massillon, Dallas County, Ala. Gi se from the containing strata.) LL. C. Johnson, collector.

0833.—Cut of the Louisville & Nashville 'R ., 2 miles southwest of the Union Station at Montgomery, Ala. L. W. Stephenson, collector.

6442b.—Same locality as 6442a, described above, but from a lower stratum.

176, 302, 6830, 6831.—Batte Smith Bluff, Alabama River, about 14 miles above Selma, Ala., by the river, and 10 miles east of Selma by the wagon road. L. W.
Stephenson and L. C. Johnson, collectors.

203.—Cunninghams Bluff, Alabama River. L. ©. Johnson, collector.

6828.—F'rom oyster ledges, in ravine one-half mile west of ‘Kenan’s mill, Dallas County, Ala. (3 or 3) miles northwest of Selma). LL. W. Stephenson, collector.

147.—Surface, secs. 12 and. 13, south of Valley Creek, east of Kenan’s mill, 3 miles northeast of Selma, Ala. L. C. Johnson, collector.

12—Valley Creek near Selma, Ala, L. C. Johnson, collector.

6441.—Public road one-half mile east of Old Hamburg, Perry County, Ala. Top of Tombigbee sand momber of Eutaw formation. L. W. Stephenson, collector.

pied hae

UE ceed

n0
aeeast vn
Kone Shetwad.a nes

i cet ones Jay ean
Eh sotestrany a TOY

BAAR EVERY i. ;

ad B he MiOPYE

in’ bateahy WOR
i ee fi
athe)

th eit
HOLLCOMnnNy
UTR Bae
Nees 2
) Weal ao a
Ci octet alae

4A sai
im we, bi ert hired

<a eae |

Re
pee 2 ash ees

ett nia ek AL

: i Gates at esse 842 coh
(oS Wh ack Ey. Tieton be

Species.

Vermes:
Serpula cretaceal(Conrad) sss sso eh eee eee cee
tamulus onyx Morton. oe
H. squamosus Gabb... ai
Ts loafer (EE }0) ys Sub cRooeacospnocndduacsnUSbaGaLSEedsHasd |
Mollusca: |
Nucula percrassa Conrad
N. eufalensis Gabb..-...--
Leda longifrons Conrad.
ep inns formar Gap Djyssesesaieces cect see sal
Trigonoarca maconensis (Conrad)
Breviarca cuneata (Gabb el
Nemodon sp. nov. (found also at Blufftown, Ga., etc.)-.
Barbatia lintea Conrad............--..------- y
Gervilliopsis ensiformis (Conrad).
Ostrea tecticosta Gabb.......-.--
OSplumosaMorton. 2525 4--2----/-+-
O. peculiaris Conrad <
O. sp. nov. (found also at Blue Banks Landing,
O. sp. nov.
Gryphea vesicularis Lamarck..........--.-.--- ie
GYaucellaiRoemen-i-j ac sais eee ee eee aE
Hxopyraicostatai Saye ceneeses ss -- ccc cose == 2)
mNponderosasomerse coe eee fees see tse S|
Pecten argillensis Conrad......-.-.-.-.-------
Pesimplicius|Conrad yy eeenee neces le
P. quinquecostatus Sowerby......-.----.------
P. sp. nov. (found also at Snow Hill, N. C., etc.).
Mimajreticulata Morhesi- ----2.- = <2 2- -n-- a=
Anomia argentaria Morton. Bee
AWornataGabb)-esses ses wenese ene seeneecas osae
A.sp. nov. (found also at Snow Hill, N. C., etc.)-
A.sp. (cf. A. lintea Conrad)
Crenella serica Conrad........--.-.- a
Pholadomya occidentalis Morton ........-
Cymella bella Conrad......--.-.---------
Liopistha protexta Conrad. .
L. sp. (aff. L. alternata Welle
Veniella conradi (Morton).
Etea carolinensis Conrad...
Eriphyla conradi (Whitfield
Crassatellites carolinensis Conrad =e
C. sp. nov. (found also at Roods Bend, Ala.-Ga., etc.) -
Scambula peruiana Conrad ase Sis Pea ae
Lucina glebula Conrad.......--.-.-.-----2.--
Tenea pinguis (Conrad).......-.-..-.--------
Cardium spillmani Conrad...........--------
C#eifanlense Conrade 95. een eee
Chalabamense|GabDeee sen teseeee ee eee
Tsocardia sp. (cf. I. cliffwoodensis Weller). .-.
Cyprimeria depressa Conrad ..........-...-.-
Aphrodinalregial Conradeee es es se 2 ees
Cyclothyris alta Conrad...) .-.-...------.22-
Legumen planulatum (Conrad).-........---..--
Baroda carolinensis Conrad........-.-----------
Linearia ? ornatissima Weller........-.--------
Leptosolen biplicata (Conrad).........---.------
Schizodesma appressa Gabb....-...-..-----------
Corbula crassiplica Gabb...-...--------------+---
C. carolinensis Conrad... ...-
Dentalium ripleyanum Gabb. os
Lunatia obliquata Meek and Hayden.
Gyrodesicrenata|Conrad 2 yey ee 2k eee
Anurritellartrilira Conrad wemeue nee nisl cfnm ene
TR qQuadriliray ohusoneses sees ee eee eneee eee
Scaphitesiconrada) (Morton) se ene eee as
Sphenodiscus lenticularis (Owen).--...------------------

6783.—Cut of Louisville & Nashville R. R. 13 miles nort
collector. |
6784.—Cut of Louisville & Nashville R. R. 14 miles north of |
6785.—Cut of Louisville & Nashville R. R. 2 miles north of 1
6786.—Cut of Atlantic Coast Line R. R. one-fourth mile no}
son, collector.
6787.—One-fourth to one-half mile east of Orion, Pike Coun
6815-6819.—West end of Centralof Georgia Ry. cut, one:
Stephenson, collector.
6820.—‘Conecuh Falls,’’ Union Springs, Bullock County, /
6821.—Cut of Central of Georgia Ry. 24 miles west of Union,
6822.—Cut of Central of Georgia Ry. 24 miles west of Union
6314.—Cut of Central of Georgia Ry. 12 miles southwest of 1

105° —No. 81—14. (To face page 24.) N

Taste 7.—Range of Cretaceous fossils in the region of Chunnenugga Ridge, etc., Ala.

[Area 7 on sketch map, fig. 2, p. 24.]

Ripley formation. Eutaw formation (Tombigbee sand member).
Exogyra costata zone. Exogyra ponderosa zone.
Extreme top of zone. q b 3 3 & & 4 2 4 ie Mortoniceras subzone.
ae celes eon imen cel ramos ley le
¢ F STE |e =

alte deo lle WSS 18 |e ds des |e eee te aes es

beste See eel | Sl le a | a Be He | Be | a 2 | ea ile. | a. | 8
Tele tell R LE |e |B |e lle lal le |B BLE Is |S
> A ; = = 2. = Ss Ss = oe ae S s|4 ead
Ea i g a | 24 s s “= se | Ba A aS 33] 33 | 4 oo
: ; Se z 2 2 5; FF 3 Ba | ag | & 4 so | 35 | 35 is tal
ag |e |e PRS |S | ae |tal = | & S| as || se a |) 28 || 33 | ee | Be |) Sie
=f .' id ; ad § g as pees
ze fee lee a is Bae dg as eg |e ice a” | e6 | 26 | 25 | cr | <8
Ie fe | og || © 3iT/4 a q | se | 38 | se 4 He | de || ae | a ae
Re ae edt eh teem leeds Wetaanlae |e? ¢ | ti |7é | #2 as
ge] de] dey 5 | 22 4 a j = ie las e | sels a i ese
5 |5 |5 |5 5 | 22 ie | es || Si (0320 |e nee len ees

Vermes:
Serpula cretacea (Conrad) .
Uamulus onyx Morton
H. squamosus Gabb-.
H. major Gabb---

Mollusca:

Nucula percrassa Conrad. .
N-. eufalensis Gabb-...
Leda longifrons Conrad.
L. pinnaforma Gabb..
Trigonoarca maconensis (Conrad)
Breviarca cuneata (Gabb)......-
Nemodon sp. nov. (found also at Blufftown, Ga., etc.)_
Barbatia lintea Conrad. ........
Gervilliopsis ensiformis (Conrad).
Ostrea tecticosta Gabb :|
LO), eh) OTs sec cgatace tag Gosacoe So Ooe ao So SESS ence Bone Epona sonore nnecenenerenoed Ramee
O. peculiaris Conrad - 4

at sp. noy. (found also at Blue Banks Landing, N. C., ete.

Anomia argentaria Morton.
A. ornata Gabb ---...--.
A. sp. noy. (found also at
A. sp. (cf. A. lintea Conrad)
Crenella serica Conrad.
Pholadomya occident
Cymella bella Conrad. .
Liopistha protexta Conrad.

tel
C. sp. nov. (found also at Roods Bend, Ala.-Ga.
Scambula perplana Conrad.
Lucina glebula Conrad.
Tenea pinguis (Conrad)
Cardium spillmani Conrad.
C. eufaulense Conrad.
C. alabamense Gabb.
Isocardia sp. (cf. I. cliffwoodensis Weller)
Cyprimeria depressa Conrad -
Aphrodina regia Conrad. .

Corbula crassiplica Gabb.
C. carolinensis Conrad... .
Dentalium ripleyanum Gabb-
Lunatia obliquata Meek and Hayden -
Gyrodes crenata Conrad... gi | eI IT eed | ees en CaaS
‘Turritella trilira Conrad. |

T. quadrilira Johnson...
Scaphites conradi (Morton). 3 ES
Sphenodiseus lenticularis (Owen) 5 ee eg eal bea BSCS rs [eee ed

@ The numbers are the collection numbers of the U. S. Geological Survey; the collections are in the U. S. National Museum.

6783.—Cut of Louisville & Nashville R. R. 19 miles north of Fort Deposit, Lowndes County, Ala. L. W. Stephenson, 6813.—Cut of Central of Georgia Ry.3 miles northeast of Hurtsboro, Russell County, Ala. L. W. Stephenson, collector.
collector. Be 6812.—Central of Georgia Ry. bridgea mile southwest of Hatchechubbee, Russell County, Ala.

6784.—Cutof Lonisville & Nashville R. R. 1} miles north of Fort Deposit, Lowndes County, Ala, L. W.Stephenson, collector. 6811.—Cut of Seaboard Air Line Ry. one-half mile west of Hooks, Russell County, Ala. L. W. Ste henson, collector.

6785.—Cut of Louisville & Nashville R. R.2 milesnorthof Fort Deposit, Lowndes County, Ala. L. W. Stephenson, collector. 6445.—Tuskegee-Fort Davis road about 6 miles south of Tuskeges, in Macon County, Ala. L. W. Stephenson, collector.

Wi are of Atlantic Coast Line R. R. one-fourth mile north of Naftel Station, Montgomery County, Ala. L. W. Stephen- si Coe of Central of Georgia Ry. one-half mile northeast of Hatchechubbee, Russell County, Ala. L. W. Stephenson,
son, collector. collector.

6787.—One-fourth to one-half mile east of Orion, Pike County, Ala., in road leading east. L. W. Stephenson, collector. 6827.—Cut of Central of Georgia Ry.5 miles southwest of Sealo, Russell County, Ala, (25th milepost from Columbus, Ga.).

6815-6819.—West end of Central of Georgia Ry. cut, one-half mile west of Union Springs, Bullock County, Ala. L. W. L. W. Stephenson, collector.
Stephenson, collector. . 6826,—Cut of Central of Georgia Ry. 3} miles southwest of Seale, Russell County, Ala. L. W. Stephenson, collector.

6820.— Conecuh Falls,’ Union Springs, Bullock County, Ala. L. W. Stephenson, collector. 6808.—Wagon bridge over Hatchechubbee Creek one-half mile south of Pittsview, Russell County, Ala. LW. Stephenson,

6521.—Cut of Central of Georgia Ry. 24 miles west of Union Springs, Bullock County, Ala. 1. W. Stephenson, collector. collector.
6822.—Cut of Central of Georgia Ry. 24 miles west of Union Springs, Bullock County, Ala. L. W. Stephenson, collector. 6809-6810.—Seaboard Air Line Ry., at bridge over Hatchechubbee Creek, 2 miles west of Pittsview, Russell County, Ala.
6814.—Cut of Central of Georgia Ry. 1} miles southwest of Hurtsboro in Bullock County, Ala. L. W. Stephenson, collector. L. W. Stephenson, collector.

105°—No, 81—14, (To face page 24.) No. 6.

Es SUL TOA

oe tt Delay

hee ted AYwIDSH tot
tat

Wows, ii oolw ian
(Ded wi uote

SweOUe wlliae
PD CEATONS

f
“li ae

Pe
} ya theiry
Pile te eet

Ateytet arti
TONLE tran TH)

tig cert “gta a

NE Oe OE
AER shy Ryde che ty oat
Biss teeta Po avis a
Ra atine vical
Band it)
sy |
Se! Bat) os
Perry tea FN

a

- = 7 : (;
* : . "
A TE ARPT atie A A ete eh aan t= Ne

Suite fa ek ey mabe
Pies Walloed anes
Rs ery irae tg

Ne aol ee

AU STN wo 8
ferierbbet ates

ee leg

ot

toni aunt a se

aie a Sl an =|

eae aa birlon We or bef seuisononna
oak semi ued eee

dikd bites
Wavodu ba Sal 14 Brandes ailartO non SyBtud od wala alter ao Adatoiean ria oulsoad as

bok, ote ow on “(had to Haq wwod)’ 2) leuettrio? wold volun $18.00 vino aowsts mwolBee tu, site Sates ood fail aia rn
ttoreneastiged Ww a ee saiteno tenis sirosaoisal, 9 85) |.80) \puidiayto9) tb ison patton ca 0. #f tuodi vote utnee's rep a Hite

cane Uh ont aA invnodin® 26 | oer fais toidewihiron sitar? ;
patton preeaadiat ey ae ae Hiner Locorto Hey
wale, reoeraeiiane De ui et ea f iy Caen riaal yi aaa
Yas oe a oenataesh Waa ated et ola ot etd oolles ie
Be ; 11 Oa saan santa Rey agin WOT 0D ond if mei aa ia)

A aa ae wolodd wo fier Pane abe Slvouls oocdoly ray,
40 Sf Soodé@

ao en oe 0) raion an tt
pera eat. YE Bi a ‘ar nuda soe eat Aad ovat
i ; sooiltga0 ee
nt Patera
tot nda

Toa ea if Hei mei

td yy ane Se ati: Wisc Ba. is 00M oe al,

‘Tasre 8.—Range of Cretaccous fossils, Chaliahoochee River and Georgia.
[Area § on sketeh map, MF-2, p.24.)

aes — ‘Tombigheo sand member. mana
— : a bie
er g|é : r i a A i z EI Ee ig Mortonicoras mbrons. E ;

ce iWal ; sHsp Stele Ale al§ pale WA lg | 2 F

afk ge la E 2/2) 2) 2 |eelgel Sia, (2, |z8/2e| 2 (PEAR, ail 4 eke aly ele il Fe) i lal

2 re de |e Ril g byes fe leeaciuelisleeltelaal lagee ale || 4G; rlalalela alata eal

6 |e* 2/82 3 = |3/8 : Pri alk Ei Olals (ii lee 2 f ig El rae = lalla ieee = (El

a (Hata a PETA EES UREA Nag ]a aaleleleeige|2 tals

‘eae |e 1 ie 2/25 4 |55 se], ge sea] 2 Wael dS | ee SRS IISI |e 1S

j BIE $ SEE EE] E ] 3 be = i 2 3 3 EE 38 é Bd re z 7 3 yee H a 4 5 J a H agE5|=
© fatjasarutus Conrad
Hiieamesus Scant.)

T Coptosoms mortont (dé Loria) .-:-
Vermea:

AT. major Gabb. me
H. squamasus Gabb........
Denes Oar
N'canelfrons Conrad...
eso ee
Nisp. (6f undescribed
eee
peer ea
ae

Morton,
©. littiel (Gabt
©. carolinensis

Ni brevilrons Conrad.

Nisp- nov

Ulyeymerls subsnctalls (3°Orbgn) =.
ser fOriiigas).»

Garis efor (Conrsa)-.

: ris
nov (oan lsat a
jhura vesicularis Lamarck...

Uupatolensis Stephenson.
‘eulalonsis Gabb...

P! quinguenarius
Psp, nov, (found also at Siow Hill, N.C., ete.)..
‘Linas ret

ss
seri
A

D
Pholsdom}
Pulittlel

conradi (Morton),
carolinensis Conrad ..

Ve
barry

ot
‘Corbula crassip|
(Coearolinensis

Dentalium ripleyanum Gabb
‘Deep. nov. (ound alg at Owl Crosk,
‘Cadutus obutus (Conrad),
‘Scala sillimant

‘a The numbers are the collection numbers of the U. 8. Geological Survey; the collections arv in tho U. 8, National Muscum.

(205. —Chattahooches River, right bank, 1} miles above Othos Landing, Henry Coun! . We
{59 —Chattahechen River hile Delow tho math of Pataaa Crk. Stanton Gallia” \ePheTO”/ olletar

‘576a—Crodilio’s mil}, Pataula Creek, about o mile above the Narrows,” Clay County, Ga. Otto Veatch, collector.
euqhia Baas Patnna Cred, Clay County, Ga at tho "Narrows," 2 malin above junc with Chattahocches Tver and 9 mils north of Fort Gaines. 1...
‘SS5.—Chattahoochee River, at mouth of Pataula Creek, Ga. T-W. Stanton, collector.

itbank. T.AV. Stanton and L. W. Stephenson, collectors.

‘River,
$6, 022 Crattahoochee Hlver, Alaranders Landing, 5 miles below E
fi Creek, left bank, and 10 miles below Eutsuls, Als, L,W, Stephenson,

Als,
10 4 miles above mouth of Wel

800. —Chattahooches River, one-half mile {a mile) below the mouth of Barbour Creek. T.W., Stantot \Mlector.
faxi—One hundred and thirty-ninth milepost of Cantral of Georgia Ty, quitman County, Go. [About 6 alles southeast of Eutanls, Alu—L.W. 8.) Otto

Oe
}—Chattahoocheo River, between Eufaula and Barbour Creek, 2 miles below E1
1589995, Ee 00a Ale _s,C: Jona, W. F. Copeland, FW. Sita, sand LW Gtepheaate, oalestors.
Mercers MAI Creak, Central of Georgie Tot Tear Georgetown, Ga. L-W. Stephenson, fs
$S51—Georpulgwn-Cotnion roa, o mile south of Colin, Guy ana just wai of br pver suudl ers "L. W. Stephenson, collector.
mat 14 of ton, Ga, In deep fully Just north of road leading east to Eufsuls-Lumpkin road. Collected 100 feet below level of road, 1. W.

Bt Cal a
j—Jobnsons
ss, etlsoy ie epsens mls south of Lumpkin, Stewart County, Ga, _Oito Veatch and LW: Stephenson, cli

‘02.—Bivens plantation on Dry Creek, ates Gest of Pinetih ‘Marion Count McCall
3s Slane baay Cres, asi of vena Vista Afarioh County, AW Meal colteton
= ‘Dear! ‘of Georgia Ry, bt ‘across Ninchfooné r, 5 miles northwest of Busna Vista, Marion County, Go. 8.W, McCallie,

(42—J. LB. Usry's mili, 7 miles north of Elisvill Gs., and one-half milo lurray crossroads. Nenson,

9 Corot Anant, diraingna Aino Taller north of Weal, Gas, LW Stephen, calosion ee eer.

wale anton onesie. Ver iebt bank, opposite mouth of Hurstahatchee Cresk, about 6} miles nboye Eufanla in Darbour County, Ala. L.W. Stephenson
Contes Creek, Het bank, 30) yards ators Junction with Chattabooche River, arbour County, Als. L,W, Stephenson, collector,

105°—No, 81—14. (To face page 24.) No.7.

intidholt=Chatahoocheo River, let bank, Roods Lower Bend, Just below the mouth of Soapstone Cre, Stewart County, Ga, 124 miles above Enfsola, Als.
,.W. Stephenson, collector.

‘5306, b402-—<Chattahoosheo River, Woolrldgo Landing (Upper Roods Tend), 13} miles above Eufaula, in Darbour County, Als. LW. Stephenson, collector,
S381'—Duena Vista-Tazewell rosd, about 4 miles northeast of Buena Visto, Ga., on south-facing slope of Richland Creek valley. 1,. WV. Stephenson, collector,
$595, 6401 —Chattahoochea Tliver, bialf at Florence, Stewart County, Ga. 'L.\. Stphenson, collector, x
cot igs —Chattabooshea River, ius at Blusltown, ‘Gs,, 314 miles below Columbus, Stewart County, Gs. (70 to 0 fect abaye hase of section). 1..W. Stephenson,
as S304 — Chattahoochee River, one-elghth of a mile below the bridge near Omaha (Seaboard Air Line Ry.) and about 37 miles below Columbus, Ga. 1. W. Stephen-

Hi I.
15392, (405 —Chattahooches River, bluf! at Bluiltown, Stewart County, Ga,, 314 miles telow Columbus, Ga. (Lower part of bluff.) ‘T. W, Stanton and

ots,
L. W. Staphionson, collectors.
soul: Columtiue Lumpkin road, soath ade, about 18 or 18} miles south of Columbus, Ga, near Jamestown, Chattahonchee County, Ga. LW. Stephenson

Isctor.
‘30—Onchalf milo northwest of Cusseta, Ga., {n cut of Seaboard Air Line Ry. LW. Stephenson, collector.
SS —Two and onehal miles northwest of Cuseta, Go, in cut of Seaboard Alt Line iy, (al LW.
15390, 6400.—Chattahoochea River, Banks Landing, Stewart County, Go. 26} miles below Colum!
S-—Planters Landing, 25 mile below Columbus, Ga. let bank, 1 AW. Stephenson, collector,
{S355 big Bend, 244 miles below Columbus, Gu, right bank. LW. Stephensnn, collector,

‘Gio7 ~-Chattahooches River, Chimney Bull, Chattahoochee County, Ga. TW. Stanton and L. W. Stephenson, collectors.

—Chattahooches River, Uches Shoals, 13 or {4 malles below Columbus, Ga, riehtbank. TW. Sianien, collector.

‘No number—chattahoochea River, Eucheo Rapids, Slick Blut, about 14 or 14 miles below Columbus, Ga. right bank.

Sis) ~Cha\tahooctiea River, Durdooks Landing, 12 mies below Columbus, Ga, right bank, VT. ton and L.. W. Stephenson, collectors.
S71, s97—Bed of Ochillen Cresk at Ochillc, Chat{ahoosties ogi ‘Otto Veatch and 1, 1. Stephenson, collectors.

5355. —Onehalf milo below Broken Ar Bend, 10 mil bus, Ga. L. W. Stephenson, collector
Hl ish cunt —chal anon Te erry tear Arrow Hand, Atabamna ee, 104 males Duiow Columbus, Ga, tn Russell County. T.W. Stanton and L..W. Stephan

‘S371, 6i77-—Bluff of Upatol Creak, 7 miles southeast of Columbus, Ga., below the Cusseta road bridme. Otto Veatch and 1. W_ Stephenson, collectors.
GH0.—Steam Mil road, 7 milena little south of east of ‘Golambus! Ga,, east slope of Tiger Creok valley. ‘LW, Stephenson, collector,

oT jtephenson, collector.
Ga. L.W. Stephenson, collector.

irl ee

AiQtoattan .uoesss

ae ae

wat Yor Laat we

UTC

CRON) dey

Uo aS nod wel: Ws rftagis oA
00 wAunitgs) vst alot!) Yo

7 ah de Nera TN
sata to gtine ol tate ehO, im

Poet Yo Pte te)

x ea,
Yo’ tevlag ey akits
e .eiten’ ai
ec SOs

7 ye
; Ly as

vixieualeton
sneha ipattroptl ten ath
an eh a qa
Baer aiitran * aa)

Hits ae

wenn eT me

; AG) Stele Eis Mae
SALA ae =
ut one
uu
¥
Ye
i

Le
ee
..fusinst) Ril Ges6Ry WAAR iy a
gD) Risa ah) q

<\cjvommnataia
fa ral’ POV. we

ty ite ‘olera
» » Gite
wrath tyra tof tt
eS ae), doe we oie
x ye ras tao}
-vaors ys (OID) MemeL ety erat a
Lao] pnTeeay en f
ihe Was Tee TNC) WOR . as want
Sacre bok ee ss KOMTOUD MOK gai seth

| unnaite oh War rite tesait Lituie 07801 Libionstan tae

pre ont works
ling 4 fade any)
ja SG asian yal?

“s
howd Cather: a) alice {ns LEG 47 sriit reat }
i) "YY ert m clei hn fee ioeieknd 9
a7 ir

nesta
DaeE 2

A bee ‘aod ft
PY ateotes(itotd ia

p utrtiow « enliyD » NET am 2
ie)

’ hei |
tetEee (eveert rea

Smee abe ed

eakvode # ae Day we ef @ duo mabe one phakine omgpar’. lo bas ode ot hx) tad Srieles
dere wih): to: RORY elec, neha? rentat OT ILEND Mam cesTORELDY CeOeyey Hashaeieyorr PAE OF aren VAY sarteytiieg ivetoeeh Diner nse

i qivtainy 2
amish spt 1 AO Ald vials aa} () Aarons Mon anil ond 46 MEER OEE zy Or qnoted BiaatsuNivins eniNintneon) asf berate ies dep
rity sant? HEPA TB terysoUe a eldedony Biz Wal te Bakud wy ©
SIT eaatoniogy ye ier pron gall wivgt nro Patt untiog hilt an ents 6G faite) malad ii eee HOOIKL 40 QUAD oti Ald tapes whtadorg wie si

DOSNT TS eb aI et Uakitrinepie cnet ovtt icc) eee Wel ay oy
Pe at oath! 7 iW pica g apy dud est ALOK AMOS oo Joie ne ' Dotralos Bie eaxe'e at} che doahioebe

a

‘Asp oor. ound “Aid ie
‘Aap. nov. (Orv found at Grow HI, N.C).
Paranamia sabra (orton)

Falviniter argues Conrad
Greamlls seria Conrsd.

MRE RHE KXKHHX

7

Storo0)

(ta Hee wad lay de
ertaa

Tamla

ob

XX:

RMKHAMEX:

be dentin with Lis rien
sera eoarcreritng th oppenie valves of tbe mi space, Which cae

of tbe gens not kaw to range above tbe zo wf Bray pesderant
og pe of We gana oot karen ab ie tan of er end Th
‘Bacutes exteps Lacaarek, bat te |deatifiation with Lamarck’ yoecies ls probe

Sree nice Cee & vdaalok
Seatac e. oe aatiooN caubetiarert
nacadayaea i See ) atvakiay oa oa

F bare amg 1
(ROTIONE canine fi
a HOY aden ago

es Dherkaibed Bowe

rrr va) Whloene,
bd ‘ (haneiot) abet note one

: hr ‘sia “ay

havirety rg aa: tthe astiyy
ik

CRETACEOUS DEPOSITS OF THE EASTERN GULF REGION. 25

BASAL BEDS OF THE EUTAW FORMATION.
.

Sixteen species have been determined from the basal 100 or 150 feet of the Eutaw forma-
tion in the Chattahoochee region, and a few poorly preserved specimens, including Ostrea,
Gryphxa, Pecten, and Cardium, have been found at and near the base of the formation on
Alabama River north of Montgomery. Except for these no invertebrates are known in the
basal beds of the Eutaw of the eastern Gulf region.

RANGE OF THE SPECIES.

The 16 species identified from the basal beds of the Eutaw formation in the Chattahoochee

region are as follows:*
Fossils from basal beds of the Eutaw formation.

Mollusca: | Mollusca— Continued.
Nucula percrassa Conrad. ab ¢ d. Pholadomya sp. nov. d.
Perna sp. nov. cd. Etea carolinensis Conrad. abcd.
Ostrea cretacea Morton. ec d. Cyprimeria depressa Conrad. a b ¢ d.
O. sp. nov.? (cf. undescribed species from House Bluff, Baroda sp. nov. d.

Alabama River, Ala.). ¢d? Leptosolen biplicata (Conrad). a bc d.
O. sp. (aff. O. lugubris Conrad). d. Cymbophora lintea (Conrad). ab ed.
Exogyra upatoiensis Stephenson. d. Corbula carolinensis Conrad. 6 ¢ d.
Pecten sp. nov. ed. Placenticeras sp. (aff. P. guadalupze Roemer). d.
Anomia sp. nov. (also found at Snow Hill, N. C., etc.).

bed.

Of the 16 species listed 5 are restricted to the basal beds of the Eutaw; 10, or questionably
11, range upward into the Mortoniceras subzone. Of these last, 7 continue above the Mor-
toniceras subzone into the upper part of the Exogyra ponderosa zone; and 5 of these range on
upward into the Exogyra costata zone. None of the 5 restricted species are known from sur-
face outcrops in the Carolinas or in New Jersey. However, one of them, Exogyra wpatoiensis
Stephenson, has been recognized recently in a well sample obtained from the depths 1,974 to
2,007 feet in a well boring at Charleston, S. C., and in the same sample was found an oyster
related to Ostrea lugubris Conrad, but differing slightly from the similarly related oyster found
in the basal beds of the Eutaw in the Chattahoochee region.

CORRELATION.

Invertebrates —The 5 forms restricted to the basal beds of the Eutaw formation are all
new to science and therefore afford but little positive evidence as to the age of the terrane.
However, the beds in which they are found are known to occupy a position stratigraphically
lower than any other marine invertebrate-bearing beds thus far discovered in the eastern Gulf
region, and for this reason, if for no other, the fauna must be regarded as the oldest of its kind
known in the region. The new species Exogyra upatoiensis Stephenson, which occurs in the
marine beds near the base of the formation, has a markedly different surface sculpture from
the other known species of this genus in the Atlantic and eastern Gulf Cretaceous. (See Pl. XIII,
figs. 1-4.) The presence of this species and of the fiuted oyster related to Ostrea lugubris
Conrad which occurs in the Eagle Ford shale of Texas may perhaps be considered paleontologic
evidence of the greater age of this fauna. As the conditions for the preservation of one species
of oyster are as favorable as they are for the preservation of any other species of the same
family, this new species of Exogyra and the fluted oyster would be expected to appear in the
collections from the overlying Tombigbee sand member if, in this region, they had lived con-
temporaneously with the oyster Lxogyra ponderosa Roemer, which is common in that member.

From the range determinations as stated, the following conclusions have been deduced:
(1) The invertebrate fauna present in the basal beds of the Eutaw formation possesses elements
in common with Cretaceous faunas of higher horizons in the same region; however, in passing

1 The range of the species is shown by the letters appended: a, Erogyra costata zone; b, Exogyra ponderosa zone above the Mortoniceras subzone;
c, Mortoniceras subzone; d, basal beds of Eutaw formation.

26 CRETACEOUS DEPOSITS OF THE EASTERN GULF REGION.

from this basal horizon to the successively higher horizons the number of common species
diminishes. (2) Although showing this relationship the fauna contains elements distinct from
anything known at higher horizons. (3) It bears about the same relationship to the invertebrate
fauna present in the upper part of the Black Creek formation of the Carolinas that it does to.
the fauna of the basal beds of the Ripley formation (part of Ezxogyra ponderosa zone between
the Mortoniceras subzone and the Exogyra costata zone) in the Chattahoochee region. The
basal beds of the Eutaw formation are therefore stratigraphically lower than the invertebrate-
bearing beds of the Black Creek formation and, in the opinion of the writer, correspond approxi-
mately to basal noninvertebrate-bearing beds of that formation. (4) The basal beds of the
Eutaw are represented at Charleston, S. C., by beds penetrated in a well boring between the
depths 1,974 and 2,007 feet, which im turn probably represent the basal beds of the Black Creek
formation of the Carolinas. (5) The actual evidence for a comparison of the basal Eutaw
fauna with the Cretaceous faunas of New Jersey is sheht, but combined with evidence furnished
by the faunas from overlying horizons there seems to be sufficient grounds for correlating the
containing strata approximately with the Magothy formation.

To the west, in Alabama and Mississippi, the invertebrate-bearing basal beds of the Eutaw
of the Chattahoochee region are represented by corresponding basal Eutaw strata in which no
well-preserved invertebrates have as yet been discovered.

Plants —Fossil plants have been obtained at several horizons in that part of the Eutaw
formation below the Tombigbee sand member (Mortoniceras subzone). E. W. Berry, who
studied them, recognized 27 species. He gives the following statement of his views on the
significance of the plant remains in correlation: ?

It is clear that the flora of the Eutaw formation of Georgia is of approximately the same age as the Magothy-
Matawan flora of the northern Coastal Plain and the Black Creek flora of the Carolinas. It has much in common
with the much more extensive Tuscaloosa flora of western Alabama, but is probably younger than the bulk of the
Tuscaloosa flora or that found in the Middendorf arkose member of the Black Creek formation.

The evidence furnished by the plants as interpreted by Berry is in essential agreement with
that afforded by the vertebrates.

The Coffee sand member of the Eutaw formation, which is believed to be included within
the part of the Exogyra ponderosa zone above the Mortoniceras subzone, has yielded the species
Salix eutawensis Berry. This species was found by the writer in a cut of the Nashville, Chat-
tanooga & St. Louis Railway a short distance east of the station at Parsons, Decatur County,
Tenn., and was identified by Berry. This form occurs in the extreme basal beds of the Eutaw
formation at Broken Arrow Bend on Chattahoochee River and in the Black Creek formation
of North Carolina, which indicates that the species ranges from the base of the Eutaw formation
well up into the Exogyra ponderosa zone. The presence of the species in the Coffee sand tends
to confirm the reference of this division to a position below the Exogyra costata zone; it can not,
however, be taken as indicating any particular horizon between the base of the Eutaw formation
and the top of the Exogyra ponderosa zone.

Vertebrates.—The following vertebrate species, all sharks, have been collected from beds near
the base of the Eutaw formation at Broken Arrow Bend: Coraz falcatus Agassiz, Lamna texana
Roemer, Otodus appendiculatus Agassiz. As these species are all known to have a wide strati-
graphic range they have no value in close correlation.

EXOGYRA PONDEROSA ZONE.?
RANGE OF THE SPECIES.

The species Exogyra ponderosa Roemer makes its first appearance near the base of the
Tombigbee sand member of the Eutaw formation and ranges up to about the middle of the Selma
chalk and its corresponding nonchalky equivalents. The lower boundary of this zone is shown in
Plates IX and X by the red letter P and the upper boundary by the red line 2. The restriction of
the species in stratigraphic range and its broad geographic distribution within the limits of its

1 Berry, E. W., The Upper Cretaceous and Eocene floras of South Carolina and Georgia: Prof. Paper U. S. Geol. Survey No. 84 (in press).
=See pp. 41-50.

EXOGYRA PONDEROSA ZONE. DAT

range render it a characteristic form possessing value in correlation. The appropriateness of
the name Exogyra ponderosa to designate the zone in which the species occurs is, therefore,
apparent. The species, including its varietal form Exogyra ponderosa var. erraticostata Steph-
enson, has been found at 69 authentic localities in the belt of outcrop of the zone in the eastern
Gulf region. By detailed collecting this number could be multiplied many times.

Within the stratigraphic limits of the zone of Hxogyra ponderosa in the eastern Gulf region
the following 99 species (questionably 103) are known to occur:

Fossils from zone of Exogyra ponderosa.

Echinodermata: Mollusca—Continued.
Cassidulus subquadratus Conrad. a be. P. burlingtonensis Gabb. be.
Vermnes: P. quinquenarius Conrad. a be.
Serpula cretacea (Conrad). a be, P. sp. nov. (also found at Snow Hill, N. C., etc.).
S. sp. (nearly straight tube). a be. be d.
Hamulus onyx Morton. a be. Lima reticulata Forbes. a be.
H. squamosus Gabb. a be. L. pelagica (Morton). a be?
H. major Gabb. be. Anomia argentaria Morton. a be.
Mollusca: A. lintea Conrad. a? be.
Nucula percrassa Conrad. a be d. : A.sp. nov. (also found at Snow Hill, N.C., ete.). bed.
N. eufalensis Gabb. a be. Paranomia scabra (Morton). a be.
N. sp. (cf. undescribed species from Snow Hill, Cymelia bella Conrad. a be.
INE Oh ))s aes Liopistha alternata Weller. be.
Leda pinnaforma Gabb. a bce. L. sp. (aff. L. alternata Weller). bc.
L. longifrons Conrad. a be. | Veniella conradi (Morton). a be.
L. protexta Gabb. a be. Etea carolinensis Conrad. a be d.
Perrisonota protexta Conrad. a bc. | Eriphyla conradi (Whitfield). be.
Cucullaa carolinensis (Gabb). be. Vetericardia crenalirata (Conrad). a be.
Trigonoarea maconensis (Conrad). be. Crassatellites carolinensis Conrad. be?
Breviarca umbonata (Conrad). be. C. sp.nov. be.
Nemodon brevifrons Conrad. a be. Scambula perplana Conrad. a be.
N. sp.nov. be. Radiolites austinensis Roemer. be.
Barbatia lintea Conrad. be Arena carolinensis Conrad. be.
Glycymeris subaustralis (D’Orbieny). a be. Lucina glebula Conrad. be.
Gervilliopsis ensiformis (Conrad). a be. Tenea pinguis (Conrad). a be.
Perna sp. nov. (found at Broken Arrow Bend, Ala.-Ga., | Cardium eufaulense Conrad. a be.
etc.). bed. C. spillmani Conrad. a be.
Ostrea plumosa Morton. a be. C. alabamense Gabb. a de.
O. tecticosta Gabb. a be. C. dumosum Conrad. a be.
O. larva Lamarck. a be. Isocardia cliffwoodensis Weller. be?
O. cretacea Morton. be d. Cyprimeria depressa Conrad. a be d.
O. diluviana Linneus. be. C. alta Conrad. a be.
O. panda Morton. a be. | C. densata (Conrad). a be.
O, sp. nov. (large). be. Aphrodina regia Conrad. be. ;
O-sp. nov. (first found at House Bluff, Ala.). bed? | Oyclothyris alta Conrad. be. :
O. sp.nov. (also found at Blue Banks Landing, N. C., |» Legumen planulatum (Conrad). a be.
etc.). be. - Baroda carolinensis Conrad. bc.
O. sp. nov. (very irregular). a be. i Linearia metastriata Conrad. a be.
O. sp. noy. (from near Hatchechubbee). be. Linearia? ornatissima Weller. a be.
Grypheea vesicularis Lamarck. a be. Leptosolen biplicata (Conrad). a be d.
G. vomer (Morton). a be. Cymbophora lintea (Conrad). a be d.
G. aucella Roemer. be. Schizodesma appressa Gabb. a be.
G. sp. (smooth, convex). be. Corbula crassiplica Gabb. a be.
Exogyra ponderosa Roemer. bc. C. carolinensis Conrad. be d.
E. ponderosa var. erraticostata Stephenson. be. Panopea decisa Conrad. a be:
Trigonia eufalensis Gabb. a be. Gastrocheena americana Gabb. a be.
T. sp. nov. (also found at Snow Hill, N. C., etc.). be. | Dentalium ripleyanum Gabb. a be.
Pecten quinquecostatus Sowerby. a be. D.sp.nov. a be.
P. argillensis Conrad. a be? Cadulus obnutus (Conrad). a be.
P. simplicius Conrad. a be. Lunatia obliquata Meek and Hayden. a be.

la, Exogyra costata zone; be, Exogyra ponderosa zone as a whole, not necessarily both subzones; d, basal beds of Eutaw formation.

28 CRETACEOUS DEPOSITS OF THE EASTERN GULF REGION.

Mollusca—Continued. Mollusca—Continued.
Gyrodes abyssina (Morton). a be. B. asper Morton. be.
G. crenata Conrad. a be. Placenticeras planum Hyatt. be.
Turritella trilira Conrad. a be. P. guadalupee (Roemer). bc.
T. quadrilira Johnson. be. Mortoniceras sp. (aff. M. texanum (Roemer) ). be.
Nautilus sp. nov. (large). be. Hamites torquatus Morton. bc.

Baculites anceps Lamarck? be.

Of the species listed 37 are restricted to the Exogyra ponderosa zone; 10, or questionably
11, range downward into the basal beds of the Eutaw formation (in the Chattahoochee region
only); and 58, or questionably 60, range upward into the overlying Exogyra costata zone. Two,
which occur in the zone of Hxogyra costata, are questionably present in the Exogyra ponderosa
zone.

Of the 37 restricted species 20 occur in the marine invertebrate-bearmg beds forming the
upper part of the Black Creek formation of the Carolinas, and of these but 1, and that ques-
tionably, occurs in the basal beds of the overlymg Peedee sand of the same region; in addition
1 Black Creek species is questionably identified from the Exogyra ponderosa zone. Of the
37 species 6 occur! in the Matawan group of New Jersey; and all 6 except the species Liopistha
alternata are common to the Black Creek formation of the Carolinas. The genus Mortoniceras,
which in the eastern Gulf region occurs only in the Mortoniceras subzone, is present in New
Jersey only in the Merchantville clay marl, which forms the basal formation of the Matawan
group. None of the 37 species have been reported from the overlying Monmouth group, and
but 1, Turritella quadrilira Johnson, from the underlying Magothy formation.

SUBZONES OF THE EXOGYRA PONDEROSA ZONE.

OCCURRENCE OF THE FOSSILS.

The zone of Exogyra ponderosa is divisible paleontologically into two parts—first, the
Mortoniceras subzone, which, from Chattahoochee River to Aberdeen, Miss., is regarded as
approximately coincident with the Tombigbee sand member of the Eutaw formation, the
chief occurrence of the genus Mortoniceras, however, being in the upper 75 to 100 feet of that
member; and second, the remainder of the zone, or the part included between the Mortoniceras
subzone and the base of the overlying Fxogyra costata zone. Localities on Chattahoochee
River and in eastern Alabama have yielded the bulk of the species from both of these parts.

The Tombigbee sand, where overlain by the Selma chalk, does not terminate abruptly in
its upper part, but passes by gradation through 5 to 10 feet of impure sandy limestone into
the overlying chalk rock. The species characteristic of the Mortoniceras subzone are not
restricted to the typical Tombigbee sand strata but range upward into these transition beds,
for which reason the latter are considered to belong to the Tombigbee sand member rather than
to the Selma chalk. In the region between Montgomery, Ala., and the vicinity of Hamburg,
in Perry County, Ala., collections have been made at numerous places in fields where the fossils
have weathered from these transition beds. For the purpose of this discussion these collections
have been considered as coming from the Mortoniceras subzone, although there is admittedly
a chance for the intermixture of fossils weathered from slightly higher beds of the Selma chalk.
Portions of the matrix, however, adhere to many specimens, thus affording a means of judging
of the approximate stratigraphic positions of the beds from which they were weathered. The
possible error is in any event too slight to justify discarding the many valuable specimens
obtained from this source.

1 This statement is made on the assumption that Isocardia cliffwoodensis Weller is correctly identified, and that Lucina glebula Conrad and
Lucina cretacea Whitfield are synonymous.

EXOGYRA PONDEROSA ZONE.

MORTONICERAS SUBZONE.

Seventy-two species, questionably 75,

are as follows:!

r

Fossils from Mortoniceras subzone.

Echinodermata:
Cassidulus subquadratus Conrad. ae.
Vermes:
Serpula sp. (nearly straight tube). ae.
Hamulus onyx Morton. abe.
H. squamosus Gabb. abe.
H. major Gabb. abe.
Mollusca:
Nucula percrassa Conrad. a6 ed.
N. eufalensis Gabb. ae.
N. sp. (cf. sp. nov. from Snow Hill, N. C.).
Leda longifrons Conrad. abc.
Perrisonota protexta Conrad. ac.
Cucullea carolinensis (Gabb). 6c.
Breviarca umbonata (Conrad). c.
Nemodon sp. nov. 6c.
Barbatia lintea Conrad. 6 c.
Gervilliopsis ensiformis (Conrad). a 6c.
Perna sp. nov. (found at Broken Arrow Ben
Ga., etc.). ed.
Ostrea plumosa Morton. «a bc.
. tecticosta Gabb. abe.
. cretacea Morton. cd.
. diluyiana Linneeus. .
. panda Morton. abc.
. sp. nov. (first found at House Bluff, Ala.).
sp. nov. (also found at Blue Banks Landing
etc.). be.
O. sp. nov. (from near Hatchechubbee, Ala.).
Grypheea aucella Roemer. 0 c.
Exogyra ponderosa Roemer. bc.
E. ponderosa var. erraticostata Stephenson.
Trigonia eufalensis Gabb. ac.
Pecten quinquecostatus Sowerby. abc.
P. argillensis Conrad. a b? c?
P. simplicius Conrad. abc.
P. burlingtonensis Gabb. 6c.
P. sp. nov. ed.
Lima reticulata Forbes. a bc.
L. pelagica (Morton). a c?
Anomia argentaria Morton. abc.

SiSierOrSr©

| Mollusca—Continued.

bed.
Cymella bella Conrad. a bc.
Liopistha alternata Weller. c.
L. sp. (aff. L. alternata Weller). c.
Veniella conradi (Morton). abe.
[tea carolinensis Conrad. a bed.
Vetericardia crenalirata (Conrad). ac.
Crassatellites carolinensis Conrad. 6? c?
be. Radiolites austinensis Roemer. 0) c.
Arena carolinensis Conrad. c.
Lucina glebula Conrad. 6? e.
Tenea pinguis (Conrad). ac.
Cardium eufaulense Conrad. abe.
C. spillmani Conrad. abe.
Cardium alabamense Gabb. ac.
Cyprimeria depressa Conrad. ab ed.
d, Ala.- Cyclothyris alta Conrad. 6 ec.
Legumen planulatum (Conrad). a bc.
Linearia metastriata Conrad. ac.
Leptosolen biplicata (Conrad). ab ed.
Cymbophora lintea (Conrad). a6 ed.
Schizodesma appressa Gabb. abe.
Corbula crassiplica Gabb. abe.

cd? C. carolinensis Conrad. 6 ed.
, N.C, Dentalium ripleyanum Gabb. abe.
D. sp. nov. ae.
¢. Cadulus obnutus (Conrad). ae.

Gyrodes abyssina (Morton). ac.
be. G. crenata Conrad. abe.
Turritella trilira Conrad. abe.
T. quadrilira Johnson. 0c.
Nautilus sp. nov. (large). ¢.
Baculites anceps Lamarck? ec.
B. asper Morton. 06.
Placenticeras planum Hyatt. c.
P. guadalupze (Roemer). c.

Hamites torquatus Morton. ce.

are known from the Mortoniceras subzone.

Anomia sp. noy. (also found at Snow Hill, N.

Lunatia obliquata Meek and Hayden. abc.

Mortoniceras sp. (aff. texanum (Roemer)).

These

Cetera:

Of the species listed 12, questionably 13, are restricted to the Mortoniceras subzone; 10,
questionably 11, range downward into the basal beds of the Eutaw formation; 43, questionably
44, range up into the part of the Exogyra ponderosa zone above the Mortoniceras subzone; 40 of

the 72 occur in the Exogyra costata zone.
questionably present in the Mortoniceras subzone.

Two known to be present in higher horizons are
Crassatellites carolinensis Conrad and Cor-

bula carolinensis Conrad, though questionably identified, belong to types not known to range
above the zone of Exogyra ponderosa and are here treated as correctly identified.

Of the 13 restricted species 2 cccur in the marine invertebrate-bearing beds forming the
upper part of the Black Creek formation of the Carolinas, and none are known in the overlying
Peedee sand of that region. Of the 13 restricted species, 1, Liopistha alternata Weller, occurs
in New Jersey, where it is confined to the Merchantville clay marl which forms the base of the
Matawan group. The genus Mortoniceras, which is represented in the eastern Gulf region by

la, Exogyra costata zone; b, Exogyra ponderosa zone above the Mortoniceras subzone; c, Mortoniceras subzone; d, basal beds of Eutaw formation.

30 CRETACEOUS DEPOSITS OF THE EASTERN GULF REGION.
Mortoniceras sp. (aff. JL texanum Roemer), is represented in New Jersey by Mortoniceras
delawarense (Morton); the latter is also confined to the Merchantville clay marl.

PART OF EXOGYRA PONDEROSA ZONE BETWEEN THE MORTONICERAS SUBZONE AND THE EXOGYRA
COSTATA ZONE.

From the part of the zone of Exogyra ponderosa included between the top of the Morton-
iceras subzone and the base of the Exogyra costata zone 70 species, questionably 74, are known.
These are as follows:

Fossils from the part of the Exogyra ponderosa zone between the Mortoniceras subzone and the zone of Exogyra costatat

Vermes: | Mollusca—Continued.
Serpula cretacea (Conrad). a 6. Anomia argentaria Morton. abe.
Hamulus onyx Morton. abc. | A. lintea Conrad. a? b.
H. squamosus Gabb. abe. A. sp. nov. (also found at Snow Hill, N. C., etc.).
H. major Gabb. be. | bed.
Mollusca: | Paranomia scabra (Morton). a b.
Nucula percrassa Conrad. abcd. Cymella bella Conrad. abe.
N. sp. (cf. undescribed species from Snow Hill, N. C.). Veniella conradi (Morton). abc.
be. Etea carolinensis Conrad. abc d.
Leda pinnaforma Gabb. a b. | Eriphyla conradi (Whitfield). 6.
L. longifrons Conrad. 2 bc. | Crassatellites carolinensis Conrad. 0b? c?
L. protexta Conrad. ab. C.sp. nov. 6.
Cucullza carolinensis (Gabb). 6 ec. Scambula perplana Conrad. a 6b.
Trigonoarca maconensis (Conrad). b. Radiolites austinensis Roemer. bc.
Nemodon brevifrons Conrad. a b. Lucina glebula Conrad. 6? c.
N.sp. nov. de. Cardium eufaulense Conrad. a be.
Barbatia lintea Conrad. dc. C. spillmani Conrad. abe.
Glycymeris subaustralis (D’Orbigny). a b. | C. dumosum Conrad. a 6b.
Gervilliopsis ensiformis (Conrad). abc. Isocardia cliffwoodensis Weller (?) b.
Ostrea plumosa Morton. a 6c. Cyprimeria depressa Conrad. a bed.
O. tecticosta Gabb. abe. C. alta Conrad. ab.
O. larva Lamarck. ab. C. densata (Conrad). ab.
O. panda Morton. abe. Aphrodina regia Conrad. 0.
O. sp. nov. (large). 0b. Cyclothyris alta Conrad. 6c.
O.sp. nov. (also found at Blue Banks Landing, N. C., | Legumen planulatum (Conrad). abe.
ete.). be. Baroda carolinensis Conrad. b.
O. sp. nov. (very irregular). a b. Linearia? ornatissima Weller. a b.
Gryphiea vesicularis Lamarck. a b. Leptosolen biplicata (Conrad). a bed.
G. vomer (Morton). a b. Cymbophora lintea (Conrad). abed.
G. aucella Roemer. be. Schizodesma appressa Gabb. abc.
G. sp. (smooth, convex). 0b. Corbula crassiplica Gabb. abe.
Exogyra ponderosa Roemer. be. C. carolinensis Conrad. bed.
E. ponderosa var. erraticostata Stephenson. bc. Panopea decisa Conrad. ab.
Trigonia sp. noy. (also found at Snow Hill, N. C., Gastrochzena americana Gabb. a b.
etc.). 6. Dentalium ripleyanum Gabb. abc.
Pecten quinquecostatus Sowerby. abc. Lunatia obliquata Meek and Hayden. abe.
P. argillensis Conrad. a b? c? Gyrodes crenata Conrad. abc.
P. simplicius Conrad. abc. Turritella trilira Conrad. a be.
P. burlingtonensis Gabb. bc. T. quadrilira Johnson. bc.
P. quinquenarius Conrad. a b. Baculites asper Morton. 6 ¢.

Lima reticulata Forbes. a 6c.

Of the species listed 8, questionably 9, are restricted to that part of the zone of Exogyra
ponderosa under consideration; 44 range downward into the Mortoniceras subzone; 7 range on
downward into the basal beds of the Eutaw formation (Chattahoochee region); and 46, ques-
tionably 47, range upward into the zone of Exogyra costata. Crassatellites carolinensis Conrad,
though questionably identified, belongs to a flat type of the genus restricted in range below the
Exogyra costata zone and is treated as an identified species. Three species are questionably
identified from the beds under consideration.

la, Exogyra costata zone; b, Exogyra ponderosa zone above Mortoniceras subzone: c, Mortoniceras subzone; d, basal beds of Eutaw formation.

EXOGYRA PONDEROSA ZONE. 31

Of the 9 restricted species 8 (if Isocardia cliffwoodensis Weller is correctly identified) occur
in the marine invertebrate-bearing beds forming the upper part of the Black Creek formation of
the Carolinas, and 1 of the 8 occurs questionably in the extreme base of the overlying Peedee
sand of the same region.

Only 1 of the 9 restricted species, Hriphyla conradi (Whitfield), occurs in the Matawan
group of New Jersey, and this one is common to the Merchantville clay marl and the Woodbury
clay—the two basal formations of that group. None are known in the overlying Monmouth
group of that State.

CORRELATION OF THE EXOGYRA PONDEROSA ZONE.

INVERTEBRATES.

The Carolinas.—A study of the invertebrates of the Carolina Cretaceous deposits has shown
a restriction in the stratigraphic range of the species Hxogyra ponderosa in that region similar to
that of the same species in the eastern Gulf region. In the Carolinas the vertical ranges of
typical specimens of Exogyra ponderosa and Ezogyra costata overlap little if any, the former
apparently disappearing at about the horizon where the latter makes its appearance. Exogyra
ponderosa occurs in the marine invertebrate-bearmg beds forming the upper part of the Black
Creek formation. The synchroneity of these beds with at least a part of the Exogyra ponderosa
zone of the eastern Gulf region is clearly shown, not only by the presence of this species but by
that of numerous other similarly restricted species; for, as shown by the statement of ranges on
a preceding page, of 37 species restricted to the zone of Exogyra ponderosa in the eastern Gulf
region 20 occur associated with the same species in the Carolinas, and only 1 questionably iden-
tified form is known in the overlying Peedee sand in association with EHxogyra costata—and that
one questionably identified form, Exogyra ponderosa var. erraticostata Stephenson, occurs only
in the extreme basal beds of the Peedee sand. The Exogyra ponderosa zone of the eastern Gulf
region is therefore with confidence correlated with a part of the Black Creek formation of the
Carolinas. However, the apparent absence from the marie invertebrate-bearmg beds of the
Black Creek formation of those species regarded as characteristic of the Mortoniceras subzone
in the eastern Gulf region is taken to indicate that this part of the zone of Hxogyra ponderosa is
represented in the Carolinas by a part of the Black Creek formation below the imvertebrate-
bearing beds of that terrane. The Black Creek fauna is strictly comparable with the fauna from
localities on Chattahoochee River between Florence and the lower end of Roods Bend, Stewart
County, Ga., an air-line distance of 5 to 6 miles, and from localities in the vicinity of Union
Springs, Bullock County, Ala. These beds represent a part of the zone of Exogyra ponderosa
above the Mortoniceras subzone. ;

New Jersey.—In the New Jersey Cretaceous the species Exogyra ponderosa and Exogyra
costata do not overlap in their ranges, the former bemg known only from the Marshalltown
formation of the Matawan group, and the latter beg restricted to the Monmouth group. Of the
37 species which in the eastern Gulf region are restricted to the zone of Exogyra ponderosa, 6 are
common to the Matawan, and none of the 37 are known in the Monmouth (Ezogyra costata
zone of New Jersey). All of the 6 except the species Liopistha alternata Weller, occur in the
marine invertebrate-bearing beds of the Black Creek formation of the Carolinas.

It is believed, therefore, that the Matawan represents approximately the Exogyra ponderosa
zone of the eastern Gulf region. The occurrence of the genus Mortoniceras and the species
Liopistha alternata Weller in the Merchantville clay marl, which forms the basal formation of the
Matawan group, is taken to indicate that the Merchantville is synchronous with the Mortoni-
ceras subzone (lower part of zone of Exogyra ponderosa) of the eastern Gulf region, these two
forms being considered characteristic of that horizon. However, specimens of Mortoniceras
which have been referred to Mortoniceras delawarense (Morton) have been obtained from the
Campanien (upper Senonian) of France,! and specimens referred to Mortoniceras texanum
(Roemer) have come from the lower part of the Santonien (lower Senonian) of the same country.2

1 Pervinquiére, L., Céphalopodes des terrains secondaires: Carte géologique de la Tunisie, Etudes de la paléontologie tunisienne, I, 1907, pp.
243-245, Pl. XI, figs. 21 a-b, 22.

2 De Grossouvre, A., Les ammonites de la craie supérieure: Mém. expl. Carte géol. de la France—Recherches sur la craie supérieure, paléon-
tologie, pt. 2, 1896, pp. 80-83, PI. XVI, figs. 2, 3a, 3b, 4a, 4b, Pl. XVI, figs. la, 1b.

32 CRETACEOUS DEPOSITS OF THE EASTERN GULF REGION.

Tt is not certain that these forms have been correctly identified with the American species, but
in view of the higher range of the genus in the European Cretaceous than in the supposed corre-
sponding deposits in America it is best not to rely too strongly on this evidence in attempting to
correlate exactly the eastern Gulf and New Jersey Cretaceous deposits. The remainder of the
Matawan group, including in ascending order the Woodbury clay, the Englishtown sand, the
Marshalltown formation, and the Wenonah sand, is believed to correspond to the part of the
zone of Exogyra ponderosa between the Mortoniceras subzone and the base of the zone of Exogyra
costata of the eastern Gulf region.

Texas —The Mortoniceras subzone contains a number of mollusca known to be common to
the Austin chalk of Texas and particularly to the upper part of that formation. These are as

follows:
Fossils common to Mortoniceras subzone and Austin chalk.

Ostrea diluviana Linnzus. | Baculites anceps Lamarck?
Grypheea aucella Roemer. B. asper Morton.

Exogyra ponderosa Roemer. Placenticeras planum Hyatt.
Radiolites austinensis Roemer. P. guadalupze (Roemer).

In the eastern Gulf region 4 of the species named in the list—Gryphea aucella Roemer, Exo-
gyra ponderosa Roemer, Radiolites austinensis Roemer, and Baculites asper Morton—are known
to range above the Mortoniceras subzone into the basal beds of the overlying Selma chalk. The
remainder appear to be restricted to the Mortoniceras subzone. In Texas 1 of the listed species,
Exogyra ponderosa Roemer, is known to range above the Austin chalk into the Taylor marl, and
it is probable that future studies will reveal a higher range for some of the other species. Mor-
toniceras sp. (aff. If. teranwm Roemer) of the eastern Gulf region is probably represented in the
Austin chalk, but this has not been certainly verified. It seems probable that the Mortoniceras
subzone of the eastern Gulf region will be found to be synchronous with a part of the Austin
chalk.

This correlation has aready been suggested by Stanton.!. Referring to the occurrence of
Placenticeras syrtale var. halei Hyatt in Greene County, Ala., he says in a footnote quotation
by Hyatt: ““Age: This specimen is probably from the Eutaw beds, which are probably very
near the horizon of Placenticeras guadalupe [Austin chalk] m Texas.’ Stanton,? in discussing
the distribution of faunas of Colorado age, with which the Austin chalk is correlated, also states:

No marine faunas of Colorado age are known in the Atlantic and Gulf borders east of western Arkansas, unless
possibly the imperfectly known fauna of the Eutaw or ‘‘Tombigbee” sand of Mississippi belongs to its latest phase.

However, so little is known of the fauna of the overlying Taylor marl that an attempt at exact
correlation would be premature, especially as investigations are now being conducted in that
region.

VERTEBRATES.

Teeth and fragmental bones of vertebrates occur in places in the Exogyra ponderosa zone

in the eastern Gulf region. The following species of fish have been identified:

Fish remains from Exogyra ponderosa zone.

Corax faicatus Agassiz (shark). Enchodus ? petrosus Cope (identified by J. W. Gidley).
Lamna texana Roemer (shark). Ptychodus martini Williston?
Otodus appendiculatus Agassiz (shark). Hemiptychodus moxtoni Mantell.

Ischyrhiza mira Leidy (identified by J. W. Gidley).

The 5 first-named forms have a wide vertical range and are of no value in close correlation.
The species Ptychodus martini Williston? and Hemiptychodus mortoni Mantell are limited in
range in the eastern Gulf region to the Mortoniceras subzone; in the western interior region these
species occur in the Niobrara formation, but are not known above that formation. Theseforms
may prove of value in correlating the eastern Gulf Cretaceous with that of the western interior,

1 Hyatt, Alpheus, Pseudoceratites of the Cretaceous: Mon. U.S. Geol. Survey, vol. 44, 1903, p. 206.
2 Stanton, T. W., Succession and distribution of later Mesozoic invertebrate faunas in North America: Jour. Geology, vol. 17, No. 5, 1909, p. 419.

EXOGYRA PONDEROSA ZONE. 33

although at present their ranges can scarcely be said to be known with sufficient definiteness to
permit confident correlation.»

Teeth and fragmental bones of reptiles, including dinosaurs, mosasaurs, crocodiles, and
turtles, have been found at numerous localities in the zone, but are for the most part too frag-
mentary to permit specific determination. Two species of crocodiles, Thecachampsa rugosa
Emmons, and Polydectes biturgidus Cope, from Roods .Bend, Chattahoochee River, iden-
tified by C. W. Gilmore, are said by Mr. Gilmore to be identical with species obtained from
Phoebus Landing, Cape Fear River, N. C., an upper Black Creek horizon. The evidence fur-
nished by these forms tends, therefore; to corroborate the evidence afforded by the fossil inver-

tebrates.
PLANTS.

Fossil plants have been found at two localities in the Cusseta sand member of the Ripley
formation in Georgia. Stratigraphically, this member falls within that part of the zone of
Exogyra ponderosa included between the Mortoniceras subzone and the base of the zone of
Exogyra costata. One of these localities is in Marion County, 6 miles northeast of Buena Vista.
E. W. Berry, to whom the plants were submitted, recognized six species from this locality, as
follows:

Andromeda noveeceesarez Hollick. Ficus georgiana Berry.

Araucaria bladenensis Berry. Manihotites georgiana Berry (same as at McBride Ford).
Eucalyptus angusta Velenovsky. Monocotyledon, gen. et sp. nov. (common to the Black
Doryanthites cretaceum Berry. Creek and Tuscaloosa formations).

Concerning these he says:!

Three of the foregoing species occur in the underlying Eutaw formation, and all but the Ficus, which is new, are
found in the Black Creek formation of North and South Carolina, The Andromeda is a characteristic species of the
Black Creek formation and one of the type fossils of the Magothy formation of the northern Coastal Plain, although it
makes its earliest appearance in the Raritan formation, as does also the Eucalyptus. None of the six genera except
Ficus are represented in the flora of the Montana group, and the latter is represented by very different species. Itseems
clear, then, that the Cusseta sand is pre-Montana in age and that it falls within the same general paleobotanic limits
that include the Magothy-Matawan, typical Black Creek, Middendorf, and upper Tuscaloosa floras of the East and the
flora of a part of the Dakota sandstone of the West.

The other locality is m Houston County, 14 miles northeast of Byron. Concerning these
Berry says:

These plants number but three species—Dryopterites stephensoni Berry, Cunninghamites elegans (Corda) End-
licher, and Araucaria jeffrey Berry, the first-named form being new to science.

As Dryopterites occurs in the Lower Cretaceous, Dryopteris-like forms are found in post-Cretaceous floras down to
the present time, and Dryopteris (Aspidium) is to-day a widespread and dominant genus of ferns, the Georgia species,
which is unlike any of the described forms, is of no value in correlation. Of the other two forms, Cunninghamites ele-
gans has a rather wide geographic range, occurring both in this country and abroad, and a considerable geologic
range. In Europe it ranges from the Cenomanian to the Senonian, inclusive, and in this country it has a parallel
range, from the Magothy flora of the East to the Montana flora of the West. It has been recorded from Lower Cretaceous
horizons in Europe, but these determinations are believed to be erroneous. The nearest geographic occurrence to that
in Georgia is that of the upper part of the Black Creek formation of North Carolina; hence the conclusion that the
exposures near Byron are not older than those of the Black Creek and not younger than those of the Montana group
appears to be firmly established.

The remaining species, Araucaria jeffreyi, is not a widespread form, and its intimate association with Araucaria
bladenensis in the Eutaw formation at Chimney Bluff, Ga., and in the Black Creek formation of North Carolina indicates
that it may represent cone scales of the latter species. Taken alone, Araucaria jeffreyi points to the same conclusion
regarding the age of the deposits near Byron as does the distribution of Araucaria bladenenisis, but the latter furnishes
more definite data.

Araucaria bladenensis is one of the most abundant and typical forms of the Black Creek formation in North and
South Carolina, ranging from its base to its summit. It has also been found in the Cusseta sand member of the Ripley
formation near Buena Vista, in the Eutaw formation just below the Tombigbee sand member at Chimney Bluff, and
in the base of the Eutaw formation in western Alabama. A closely allied or identical form occurs in the Magothy of
Maryland and New Jersey, and a similarly allied form has been described from the Turonian of Bohemia.

1 Berry, E. W., The Upper Cretaceous and Eocene floras of South Carolina and Georgia: Prof. Paper U. S. Geol. Survey No. 84 (in press).
105°—No. 81—14—3

34 CRETACEOUS DEPOSITS OF THE EASTERN GULF REGION.

The evidence afforded by the fossil plants is in harmony, therefore, with that afforded by
the fossil invertebrates so far as the correlation of the formation with the Black Creek formation
of the Carolinas is concerned. As regards the New Jersey Cretaceous, however, Berry appa-
rently regards the beds as corresponding to a somewhat earlier horizon than that indicated by
the invertebrates—namely, to the Magothy formation. However, he admits elsewhere! that
the Magothy flora possibly persisted to a later time in the Carolinas and Georgia than in New
Jersey.

EXOGYRA COSTATA ZONE.’
RANGE OF THE SPECIES.

Typical specimens of Exogyra costata Say make their first appearance just above the zone
of Exogyra ponderosa and range upward to the top of the Cretaceous. The lower limit of this
range is indicated on Plates IX and X by red line 2, and the upper limit is coincident with the
upper surface of the typical marine Cretaceous beds of the region. Between these two limits
the species has a general geographic distribution throughout the typical marine beds.

The name Exogyra costata is therefore obviously appropriate as a zonal designation. The
species, including its varietal form Exogyra costata var. cancellata Stephenson, has been collected
from 90 authentic localities with the geographic limits of the zone in the eastern Gulf region.
This number could be multiplied many times by detailed collecting.

Young individuals of the genus with well-developed, fairly typical coste, some approaching
the average size of the adult Exogyra costata, have been found at rare intervals below the lower
limit of the zone of Exogyra costata as indicated—that is, have been found in the zone of Exogyra
ponderosa. Such specimens may perhaps be regarded as the ancestors of the well-developed
costate forms of higher horizons.

In the eastern Gulf region 185 species, questionably 187, are known in the zone of Exogyra
costata. These are as follows:*

Fossils from Exogyra costata zone.

Echinodermata: | Mollusca—Continued.

Cassidulus porrectus Clark. a. Leda longifrons Conrad. a bc.

C. subconicus Clark. a. L. protexta Gabb. ab.

C. conoideus Clark. a. Perrisonota protexta Conrad. ac.

C. micrococcus Gabb. a. Cucullaea vulgaris Morton. a.

C. subquadratus Conrad. ac. C. antrosa Morton. a.

C. intermedius Slocum. a. C. littlei (Gabb). a.

Hemiaster ungula (Morton). a. Trigonoarca sp. nov. (found at “‘The Caves,’’ Miss.). a.

H. parastatus (Morton). a. Breviarca cuneata (Gabb). a.

H. lacunosus Slocum. a. Nemodon eufalensis (Gabb). a.

?Coptosoma mortoni (De Loriol). a. N. brevifrons Conrad. a b.

Rhizocrinus alabamensis De Loriol. a. Arca rostellata Morton. a.

?Linthia variabilis Slocum. a. Glycymeris subaustralis (D’Orbigny). a b.
Vermes: Pinna laqueata Conrad. a.

Serpula cretacea (Conrad). a b. Gervilliopsis ensiformis (Conrad). a 6c.

S. barbata Morton. a. G.sp. nov. a.

S. sp. (nearly straight tube). ac. Inoceramus argenteus Conrad. a.

Hamulus onyx Morton. abe. Pteria petrosa (Conrad). a.

H. squamosus Gabb. abe. Ostrea subspatulata Forbes. a.
Molluscoidea: O. plumosa Morton. abe.

Terebratulina floridana (Morton). a. O. tecticosta Gabb. abe.

T. filosa Conrad. a. O. larva Lamarck. a 6.
Mollusca: O. peculiaris Conrad. a.
Nucula percrassa Conrad. abcd. O. panda Morton. abe.
N. cuneifrons Conrad. a. O. sp. nov. (very irregular). ab.
N. eufalensis Gabb. a. c. O. sp. nov. (long, thin, irregular). a.
Leda pinnaforma Gabb. a b. Gryphzea vesicularis Lamarck. a b.

1 Berry, E. W., The Upper Cretaceous and Eocene floras of South Carolina and Georgia: Prof. Paper U. 8. Geol. Survey No. 84 (in press).
2 See pp. 41-55.
3a, Exogyra costata zone; b, Ezogyra ponderosa zone above Mortoniceras subzone; c, Mortoniceras subzone; d, basal beds of Eutaw formation.

EXOGYRA COSTATA ZONE.

Mollusca—Continued.
Gryphzea vomer (Morton). a b.
Exogyra costata Say. a. :
E. costata var. cancellata Stephenson. a.
Trigonia eufalensis Gabb. ac.
T. thoracica Morton. a.
T. angulicostata Gabb. a.
Pecten quinquecostatus Sowerby. abc.
. argillensis Conrad a b? c?
. simplicius Conrad. a b ec.
. quinquenarius Conrad. a b.
. tenuitestus Gabb. a.
. parvus (Whitfield). a.
. venustus Morton. a.
. conradi (Whitfield). a.
Dianchora echinata Morton. a.
Plicatula urticosa (Morton). a.
P. sp. nov. (found at Livingston, Ala., etc.). a.
P. sp. nov. (first found at Demopolis, Ala.). a.
Lima reticulata Forbes. a 6 c.
L. acutilineata (Conrad). a.
L. pelagica (Morton). a c?
L.sp. nov. a.
Anomia argentaria Morton. abe.
A. linifera Conrad. a.
A. lintea Conrad. a? b.
A. ornata Gabb. a.

Fd Fd boro bo bo bd

A. sp. nov. (found at Bartons Bluff, Ala., ete.). c.

Paranomia scabra (Morton). a6
Pulvinites argentea Conrad. a.
Crenella serica Conrad. a.

C. elegantula Meek and Hayden (?). a.
Dreissensia tippana Conrad. a.
Pholadomya occidentalis Morton. a.
P. littlei Gabb. a.

Lithophaga ripleyana Gabb. a.
Periplomya applicata Conrad. a.
Anatimya anteradiata Conrad. a.

A. postsuleata (Conrad). a.
Cymella bella Conrad. abe.
Liopistha protexta Conrad. a.
Cuspidaria ventricosa Meek and Hayden. a.
C. jerseyensis Weller. a.

Veniella contadi (Morton). abe.
Etea carolinensis Conrad. abcd.
Vetericardia crenalirata (Conrad). ac.
Crassatellites vadosa Morton. a.

C. eufalensis Gabb. a.

C. ripleyana Conrad. a.

C. pteropsis Conrad. a.

C. sp.nov. a.

Scambula perplana Conrad. a b.
Tenea pinguis (Conrad). ac.
Spheerella concentrica Conrad. a.
Cardium eufaulense Conrad. abc.
). spillmani Conrad. abe.

C. kimmeli Weller. a.

C. tippanum Conrad. a.

C. alabamense Gabb. ac.

C. dumosum Conrad. a b.
Protocardium sp. nov. a.

Q

eo
or

Mollusca—Continued.
| Cyprimeria depressa Conrad. ab ed.
C. alta Conrad. ab.
C. densata (Conrad). a b.
Aphrodina tippana (Conrad). a.
Legumen planulatum (Conrad). a 6 ec.
7Enona eufalensis Conrad. a.
Linearia metastriata Conrad. a c.
L.? ornatissima Weller. a b.
L. sp. nov. (from Pataula Creek, Ga.). a.
L. sp. nov. (from near Wenasoga, Miss.). a.
Gari elliptica Gabb. a.
Leptosolen biplicata (Conrad). ab cd.
Cymbophora lintea (Conrad). a 6 ¢ d.
Schizodesma appressa Gabb. a be.
Corbula crassiplica Gabb. a be.
Panopea decisa Conrad. a b.
Gastrochena americana Gabb. a b.
Pholas cithara Morton. a.
| Dentalium ripleyanum Gabb. a 6c.
D.sp. nov. ac.
Cadulus obnutus (Conrad). ac.
Delphinula lapidosa Morton. a.
Perissolax octolirata (Conrad). a.
| Trichoptropis? cancellaria Conrad. a.
Scala sillimani (Morton). a.
Lunatia obliquata Meek and Hayden abe.
Gyrodes petrosa (Morton). a.
G. abyssina (Morton). ac.
G. crenata Conrad. abc.
Xenophora leprosa (Morton). a.
Turritella vertebroides Morton. a.
T. tippana Conrad. a.
T. trilira Conrad. abe.
T. sp. nov. (two spiral ridges). a.
T. sp. nov. (very large). a.
Laxispira lumbricalis Gabb. a.
Pterocerella tippana (Conrad). a.
Anchura abrupta Conrad. a.
A. decemlirata Conrad. a.
A. rostrata (Gabb). a.
Pugnellus densatus Conrad. a.
Pyropsis perlata Conrad. a.
Strepsidura interrupta Conrad. a.
Rapana stantoni Weller. a.
Fusus holmesianus Gabb. a.
F. tippanus Conrad. a.
F.? novemliratus Conrad. a.
Pyrifusus bellaliratus Conrad. a.
P. subdensatus Conrad. a.
Liopeplum cretacea (Conrad). a.
L. canalis (Conrad). a.
L. liodermum (Conrad). a.
L. subjugosum (Gabb). a.
Volutomorpha dumasensis Dall. a.
V. eufalensis (Conrad). a.
Morea cancellaria Conrad. a.
Pleurotoma? melanopsis (Conrad). a@.
P.? laqueata (Conrad). a.
Drillia? novemlirata Conrad. a.
Daphnella? lintea Conrad. a.

36 CRETACEOUS DEPOSITS OF THE EASTERN GULF REGION.

Mollusca—Continued. | Mollusca—Continued.
D.? subfilosa Conrad. a. Baculites labyrinthicus Morton. a.
Acteon linteus Conrad. a. B. tippaensis Conrad. a.
Ringicula pulchella Shumard. a. B. carinatus Morton. a.
Bullopsis cretacea Conrad. a. Scaphites conradi (Morton). a.
Bulla macrostoma Gabb. a. Sphenodiscus lenticularis (Owen). a.
B. mortoni Forbes. a. S. pleurisepta (Conrad). a.
Cylichna recta Gabb. a. Hamites sp. nov. a.
Nautilus dekayi Morton. a. Turrilites alternatus Tuomey. a.
Baculites columna Morton. a. Belemnitella americana (Morton). a

Of the 187 species listed above, 127 are restricted to the Hxogyra costata zone; 57, ques-
tionably 59, range below it. One species which occurs at a lower horizon is questionably present
in this zone.

SUBZONES.

OCCURRENCE OF THE FOSSILS.

In the eastern Gulf region the zone of Ezxogyra costata is relatively prolific in species as
compared with the zone of Exogyra ponderosa, the former containing about 85 per cent more
than the latter. Although no exact figures have been prepared, much the greater number of
species have come from the upper half of the zone. The most prolific fossil localities are found
in the Ripley formation in Tippah and Union counties, Miss., and in the bluffs of Chattahoochee
River from Eufaula, Ala., downstream to the mouth of Pataula Creek, Ga. That part of the
zone represented by the Selma chalk (see Pls. [IX in pocket and X, p. 20) in Alabama and
Mississippi contains fewer species than the part represented by the Ripley type of materials.
With the exception of a horizon near the top of the chalk formation, to be described below, the
Selma chalk fossils (not including the Foraminifera) belong chiefly to the Ostreide and Anomiide
families. This relative paucity of species in the chalk formation may be due in part to unfavor-
able life conditions in the area where chalk was being deposited, or to unfavorable conditions
of preservation, or to both.

LIOPISTHA PROTEXTA SUBZONE.

Toward the close of the deposition of the chalk formation the conditions for the existence
of life and for the preservation of life remains were favorable, as is shown by the presence of a
considerable fauna in the upper 40 or 50 feet of the terrane, here designated the Lnopistha
proteata subzone. This subzone is traceable along the top of the Selma chalk in western Alabama
and east-central Mississippi, being coincident in the former State with the thin tongue of chalk
rocks which runs eastward above the sands of the Ripley formation in Marengo and Wilcox
counties, and in the latter State with the similar tongue of chalk running north through Oktib-
beha, Clay, and Chickasaw counties. (See red line 3, Pls. IX and X.) Excepting the Ostreide,
Pectinide, Spondylide, Limide, and Anomiide, the shells of which are usually preserved, the
fossils present in the Liopistha proteata subzone in the Selma chalk are preserved chiefly in the
form of casts, the materials of which are, as a rule, more or less phosphatic. Of the 40 or 50
species obtained the forms listed below appear to be restricted, within the area of the Selma chalk,
to the Liopistha protexta subzone; some of them, howaver, as explained below, are known to
have a somewhat greater stratigraphic range in the nonchalky equivalents of the chalk elsewhere
in the eastern Gulf region and northward in the Atlantic coast region. Because of its wide
geographic distribution in the uppermost beds of the Selma chalk the species Liopistha proteata
Conrad has, for convenience, been chosen to designate the subzone.

co
I

EXOGYRA COSTATA ZONE.

Species characteristic of Liopistha protexta subzone.

Echinodermata: | Mollusea—Continued.
Hemiaster lacunosus Slocum. Perissolax octolirata (Conrad).
Molluscoidea: Scala sillimani (Morton).
Terebratulina floridana (Morton). Gyrodes petrosa (Morton).
Mollusca: Xenophora leprosa (Morton).
Cucullzea vulgaris Morton. Turritella vertebroides Morton.
Exogyra costata Say (variation with narrow, strong Bulla mortoni Forbes.
costa ). Nautilus dekayi Morton.
Trigonia thoracica Morton. Baculites columna Morton.
Pecten venustus Morton. B. labyrinthicus Morton.
Plicatula urticosa (Morton). B. tippaensis Conrad.
P. sp. nov. B. carinatus Morton.
Liopistha protexta Conrad. Scaphites conradi (Morton) (varieties).
Crassatellites vadosa Morton. Hamites sp. nov.
Delphinula lapidosa Morton. Belemnitella americana (Morton).

The Liopistha protexta subzone is traceable from the Selma chalk into the Ripley formation,
both northward in Mississippi and eastward in Alabama. In each direction there seems to be
some expansion in the vertical ranges of most of the characteristic species, rendering the limits
of the subzone less definite in the Ripley type of materials than in the Selma chalk.

EXTREME UPPER CRETACEOUS BEDS.

In places in the eastern Gulf region certain faunal elements, which seem to indicate a slightly
higher stratigraphic position and a slightly younger age for the beds contaiming them than that
of the Liopistha proteata subzone, appear in the extreme uppermost beds of the Cretaceous in
association with large numbers of other species common to the underlying beds. This horizon,
however, is within the zone of Exogyra costata. The exposures on Chattahoochee River from
Alexanders Bluff, 8 miles below Eufaula, to the mouth of Pataula Creek, and the exposures at
the ‘‘Narrows” of Pataula Creek, 2 miles above its mouth, fall within this class. These newly
introduced elements are represented by the followig forms:

Newly introduced species in extreme uppermost beds of the Cretaceous.

Echinodermata: Mollusca—Continued.
Cassidulus porrectus Clark. Breyviarca cuneata (Gabb).
C. subconicus Clark. Anomia ornata Gabb.
C. conoideus Clark. Cardium eufaulense Conrad (a large varietal form)-
Mollusca: Linearia sp. nov. (from Pataula Creek, Ga.).
Cuculleea littlei (Gabb). Turritella sp. nov. (with two spiral ridges).

Indications of this higher horizon have also been noted in cuts north of Fort Deposit in
Lowndes County, Ala., in an exposure a mile south of Houston, in Chickasaw County, Miss.,
and in an exposure 3 miles south of New Albany in Union County, Miss.

CORRELATION OF THE ZONE.

INVERTEBRATES.

The Carolinas.—The zone of Exogyra costata of the eastern Gulf region finds its counterpart
in the Peedee sand of the Carolinas. Typical specimens of Exogyra costata make their first
appearance in the basal beds of the Peedee sand and range to its summit. The fauna of the
Peedee is small as compared with that of the corresponding deposits in the eastern Gulf region,
the number of species known from the terrane being but 35. Of the 127 species restricted to
the zone of Exogyra costata in the eastern Gulf region, 11 occur in the Peedee sand, and 4,
questionably 5, in the underlying Black Creek formation. Of the 11 species only 1 ranges
down into the Black Creek formation and this one is known only in the extreme uppermost
beds of that formation. In contrast, the Black Creek fauna is large, including 92 known
species. With so large a Black Creek fauna it is significant that of the 127 species restricted

38 CRETACEOUS DEPOSITS OF THE EASTERN GULF REGION.

to the zone of Exogyra costata in the eastern Gulf region only 5 are known below that zone in
the Carolinas.

Of the 11 Peedee species common to the Exogyra costata zone of the eastern Gulf region
the following 10 are regarded as peculiarly characteristic of that zone:

Species especially characteristic of Exogyra costata zone in the Carolinas.

Mollusca: Mollusca—Continued.
Ostrea subspatulata Forbes. Liopistha protexta Conrad.
Exogyra costata Say (typical specimens). Turritella vertebroides Morton.
E. costata var. cancellata Stephenson. » Nautilus dekayi Morton.
Lima acutilineata (Conrad). Sphenodiscus lenticularis (Owen).
Pholadomya littlei Gabb. Belemnitella americana (Morton).

Tt is on the evidence of the species just enumerated that the Peedee sand is correlated with
the zone of Exogyra costata of the eastern Gulf region.

New Jersey—tn New Jersey the species Exogyra costata is limited in range to the Mon-
mouth group, which includes the Mount Laurel sand, the Navesink marl, and the Redbank sand.
Of the 127 species restricted to the zone of Exogyra costata in the eastern Gulf region, 3 species
are known in the Rancocas formation, which overlies the Monmouth group; 29 species, question-
ably 32, in the Monmouth; 19 species, questionably 24, m the Matawan group above the Mer-
chantville clay marl, its basal formation; 10 species, questionably 11, m the Merchantville
clay marl; and 2 species, questionably 3, in the Magothy formation. Of the 32 species common
to the Monmouth group, 16, questionably 18, are restricted to that group, and 4, questionably 5,
range down only into the Wenonah sand, which forms the uppermost formation of the Matawan
group. Of the 18 restricted species in New Jersey the following are regarded as especially
characteristic of the Exogyra costata zone:

Species especially characteristic of the Exogyra costata zone in New Jersey.

Mollusca: Mollusca—Continued.
Cuculleea littlei (Gabb). Turritella vertebroides Morton.
Exogyra costata Say. Anchura abrupta Conrad.
Pecten venustus Morton. Bulla macrostoma Gabb.
Dianchora echinata Morton. B. mortoni Forbes.
Plicatula urticosa (Morton). Nautilus dekayi Morton.
Cuspidaria jerseyensis Weller. Sphenodiscus lenticularis (Owen).
Cardium kiimmeli Weller. Belemnitella americana (Morton).

Xenophora leprosa (Morton).

The species enumerated are taken to indicate the synchroneity of the Monmouth group
with the Exogyra costata zone of the eastern Gulf region.

Texas.—The fauna of the Navarro formation of Texas has long been correlated with the
fauna of the Ripley formation of Tippah County, northern Mississippi. Although a critical
comparison of the two faunas has not been made it is known that many species regarded as
characteristic of the Ripley beds of Tippah County, and in general of the Exogyra costata zone
of the eastern Gulf region, are common to the Navarro formation. There is abundant reason,
therefore, for regarding the correlation as correct. Little is known of the fauna of the Taylor
marl, which in Texas intervenes between the Austin chalk and the Navarro formation. The
exact correlation of the Taylor mar] is therefore one of the problems awaiting solution.

VERTEBRATES.

A few vertebrate remains represented by teeth and fragmentary bones have been found
in this zone. Teeth of the following fishes have been identified:

Fish remains from zone of Exogyra costata.

Enchodus ferox Leidy (identified by J. W. Gidley). | Galeocerdo sp. (shark) (identified by J. W. Gidley).
Enchodus? petrosus Cope (identified by J. W. Gidley). | Corax faleatus Agassiz (shark).
Ischyrhiza mira Leidy (identified by J. W. Gidley). Lamna texana Roemer (shark).

SUMMARY. 39

A few fragmental remains of mosasaurs, crocodiles, and turtles have been found in the
zone, but all are too imperfect for specific determination.

Too little is known concerning the vertical ranges of the vertebrate animals to render them
of value in exact correlation.

PLANTS.

With the exception of a few pieces of lignite or comminuted plant fragments, fossil plants
have been found at but one locality in the zone of Exogyra costata. A few imperfect leaf remains
were collected near the base of the zone on Cowikee Creek, a few hundred yards above its junction
with Chattahoochee River, in Barbour County, Ala.

E. W. Berry, who colleeted and studied these specimens, in a letter to the writer says:

The fossil plants from Cowikee Creek are few in number and poorly preserved. The following forms are represented :

Bauhinia sp. nov. Salix sp.
Platanus sp. nov. Sapindus sp.
Laurus sp. Fern, not determinable.

The remains of the Bauhinia and Platanus are complete enough to demonstrate that they arenew. The balance
are too poor for accurate determination, although they all appear to be distinct from any forms of the earlier eastern
Cretaceous floras.

The slight evidence afforded by these plant remains seems to indicate that a change took
place in the Cretaceous flora of the region almost coincidently with the appearance of the fauna
characterizing the zone of Hxogyra costata.

SUMMARY.

Tn eastern Alabama and in Georgia a terrane, previously regarded as forming the eastward
continuation of the Tuscaloosa formation of western Alabama, has been shown by its fossil plant
remains, on the authority of E. W. Berry, to be of Lower Cretaceous age and hence older than
the Tuscaloosa formation. The fossil plants furnishing the evidence for this determination of
age are too poor to permit exact correlation with better known floras elsewhere; but the presence
of large numbers of leaves, apparently dicotyledons, most of which are too poorly preserved to
permit accurate determination, seems to indicate that they are younger than the Patuxent
formation of the Potomac group (Virginia and Maryland) in which similar questionably identified
dicotyledons are but sparingly represented.

The Tuscaloosa formation, the oldest of the Upper Cretaceous formations of the region, has
yielded no invertebrate fossil remains, but a large number of plant species have been obtained
from it. KE. W. Berry, who is engaged in a study of the flora, correlates the basal portion of the
formation with the Raritan formation of New Jersey and the remainder of the formation with
the lower part of the Black Creek formation of the Carolinas (including the Middendorf arkose
member) and with the whole or at least a part of the Magothy formation of New Jersey.

The Upper Cretaceous deposits above the Tuscaloosa formation are divisible on the basis of
their lithologic differences into formations and members. The physical relations of these units
to each other are such that it is not possible clearly to represent their age relationships by the
usual methods of mapping, for in many places the boundaries of lithologie units run obliquely
to the general strike of the beds and do not coincide with the boundaries of paleontologic zones
and subzones, and in several places important tongues of one unit project into the body of
another unit. On the basis of the distribution of the contained invertebrate fossils these deposits
have been divided into faunal zones and subzones whose positions are maintained along the
direction of the strike of the typical marine beds irrespective of lithologic variations. These
paleontologic parts furnish the means of correlating the deposits of the eastern Gulf region with
corresponding deposits in the Atlantic coast region. The relations of the paleontologic zones
and subzones to the lithologic units are graphically represented in Plates IX and X.

The paleontologic parts recognized and their correlations are briefly summarized as follows:

1. The basal beds of the Eutaw formation in the Chattahoochee region. These beds are
believed to be represented in the Carolinas by noninvertebrate-bearing beds making up the

40 CRETACEOUS DEPOSITS OF THE EASTERN GULF REGION,

middle or lower portion of the Black Creek formation; they have been recognized paleonto-
logically im a well borg at Charleston, S. C., at depths of 1,974 to 2,007 feet. In New Jersey
they are represented by an undetermined upper portion of the Magothy formation.

2. The Exogyra ponderosa zone, divisible into the Mortoniceras subzone and the remainder
of the zone (included between the Mortoniceras subzone and the base of the Ezogyra costata
zone). ;

The Mortoniceras subzone is represented in the Carolinas by a part of the Black Creek for-
mation immediately beneath the invertebrate-bearing beds forming the upper part of the forma-
tion, and in New Jersey probably by the Merchantville clay marl, the lowest formation of the
Matawan group. The remainder of the zone is represented in the Carolinas by the marine
invertebrate-bearing beds forming the upper part of the Black Creek formation, and in New
Jersey by the Matawan group exclusive of the basal formation or Merchantville clay marl.

3. The Exogyra costata zone, represented in the Carolinas by the Peedee sand and in New
Jersey by the Monmouth group.

Through a part of the eastern Gulf region the Liopistha proterta subzone is traceable near
the top of the EHxogyra costata zone, and, locally in the region, in beds believed to be slightly
higher than those carrying the Liopistha protecta fauna, new faunal elements are introduced in
association with species common to the Hzogyra costata zone. The former has not been
differentiated in either the Carolinas or New Jersey Cretaceous; the latter is probably represented

\

in the Cretaceous beds exposed at and near Wilmington, N. C.

SPECIES OF EXOGYRA FROM THE EASTERN GULF REGION AND THE
CAROLINAS.

By Lioyp WiLiiamM STEPHENSON.

INTRODUCTION. ?

In the preceding paper on ‘‘The Cretaceous deposits of the eastern Gulf region,” the two
principal representatives of the genus Exogyra, namely, Exogyra ponderosa Roemer and Exogyra
costata Say, have been used to designate the two principal faunal zones recognizable in the
marine Upper Cretaceous deposits of the eastern Gulf region. On account of the prominence
thus given to the genus and the inadequacy of the information previously published concerning
its representatives in the region, the inclusion of the present paper in this report is deemed
appropriate. |

The United States National Museum contains a large collection of Upper Cretaceous inver-
tebrate fossils obtained during the past 25 or 30 years from localities in the eastern Gulf region
and in the Carolinas. These have been collected chiefly by L. C. Johnson, T. W. Stanton, and
the writer. A number of other persons have made small contributions.

Among these collections are many specimens of Exogyra from horizons between the base
and the top of the marie Cretaceous deposits. Indeed, here, as also throughout nearly the
whole of the marine Upper Cretaceous deposits of the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain, repre-
sentatives of the genus are among the most abundant and generally distributed fossils.

All the species and varieties of the genus now recognized in the eastern Gulf region and
the Carolinas have in the past been referred by many authors to the one species Exogyra costata
Say, though some of them have been recognized as worthy of at least varietal rank and as having
different stratigraphic ranges. However, in Texas the relative stratigraphic positions of
Exogyra ponderosa Roemer and Exogyra costata Say have long been a matter of published record,
and in New Jersey a similar restriction in the ranges of these two species has been recognized by
Stuart Weller.t| Weller also recognized that the two species were sumilarly restricted in range
in the South, basing his conclusions on collections from the Southern States, which he examined
in the National Museum.

The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that the representatives of the genus in these
regions are separable into at least three species, two of which present well-characterized varieties,
and to show that these forms are restricted in range in such a manner as to give them distinct
value in correlation. The statements here given as to the range, distribution, and occurrence
of the species and varieties of Exogyra in the eastern Gulf region and the Carolinas are based
on a study of the collections in the National Museum and on personal field observations, except

as otherwise stated.
DEFINITION OF THE GENUS.

The genus Exogyra is a member of the family Ostreide, superfamily Ostracea. It is distin-
guished from Ostrea and Gryphea, the other principal genera of the family, chiefly by its spirally
curved beaks. The genus was first described by Say,? the type being Exogyra costata Say.
His description is as follows:

Shell inequivalve, inequilateral; cicatrix one, large, deeply impressed, subcentral; inferior valve convex,
attached, umbo spiral, spire lateral, prominent, hinge with two parallel, transverse grooves; superior valve discoidal
operculiform, umbo not prominent, revolving spirally within the margin, hinge with a single groove on the edge.

1 The Cretaceous paleontology of New Jersey: New Jersey Geol. Survey, Paleontology, vol. 4, text, 1907, pp. 456-460.
2 Say, Thomas, Am. Jour. Sci., Ist ser., vol. 2, 1820, p. 45.
41

42 SPECIES OF EXOGYRA FROM THE EASTERN GULF REGION AND THE CAROLINAS.

The several generic characters described by Say may be seen by referring to the illustrations
in this paper as follows:

Relative sizes of lower and upper valves.—Lower valves, Plate XIII, figure 1, and Plate
XV, figure 1. Upper valves, respectively, of same individuals, Plate XIII, figure 2, and
Plate XV, figure 2.

Character and position of cicatrix (adductor scar)—Lower valve, Plate XIX, figure 2,
Upper valve, Plate XV, figure 3.

Characters of left (lower) valve.-—Convexity, Plate XIII, figure 7, and Plate XVI, figure 4.
Examples of scar of attachment, Plate XIII, figures 1, 3, 4,7. Position and spiral character of
umbo (beak), Plate XIII, figures 5, 6, 7. Character of hinge, Plate XIX, figure 2.

Characters of right (upper) valve.—Shape, Plate XV, figures 2, 3. Position and spiral
character of umbo (beak), Plate XV, figure 2. Character of hinge, Plate XV, figure 3.

GEOLOGIC RANGE OF THE GENUS.

The genus Ezxogyra ranges in time from the Upper Jurassic to the close of the Cretaceous
period. In the eastern Gulf region, however, the genus is known only in the Upper Cretaceous
beds, its range here being from the base of the Eutaw formation upward to the top of the
Cretaceous. (See fig. 1, p. 23.) The formations embraced in this range are the Eutaw formation
(including the Tombigbee sand member), the overlying Selma chalk, and the nonchalky marine
equivalents of the Selma chalk. The latter, in northern Mississippi, comprises a part of the
Tombigbee sand member of the Eutaw formation and all of the Ripley formation; in eastern
Alabama and Georgia it comprises the Ripley formation.

In the Carolinas the range is somewhat more restricted than in the eastern Gulf region, the
genus first making its appearance in beds toward the upper part of the Black Creek formation,
which correspond approximately to the basal beds of the Selma chalk in its type region, and
ranging upward through the remainder of the Black Creek strata and through all the overlying
Peedee sand or to the top of the Cretaceous.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE SPECIES AND VARIETIES.

In the region under consideration three species of Exogyra have been recognized, two of
which present variations of sufficient constancy to rank as varieties.

Exogyra upatoiensis sp. nov. has been found at one horizon only, and its known geographic
range along the strike is only about 8 miles. Its horizon is within a few feet of the base of the
Eutaw formation in eastern Alabama and western Georgia, and is the lowest horizon at which
the genus has been found east of Mississippi River.

In shape and general proportions the species is similar to the other members of the genus
from this region, but it is much smaller, the largest specimens in the collections not exceeding
21 inches in length. The lower or larger (left) valve is marked on its outer surface by numerous
fine, closely set, bifureating, radiating coste, which present great irregularity as regards shape,
size, and prominence, this peculiar ornamentation constituting the chief distinguishing character
of the species.

The original of Exogyra ponderosa, described by Roemer,! is from the vicinity of New
Braunfels, Tex. The species as described is characterized by the ponderous size of the adult
specimens, by the faint development of the radiating coste, and by the rather strong develop-
ment of concentric imbricating lamella. However, among a number of specimens collected by
Stanton from the type locality are some with fairly well developed irregular costz corresponding
closely to those on the varietal form of the species from the eastern Gulf region ( Exogyra ponderosa
var. erraticostata).

The specimens from the eastern Gulf region and the Carolinas referred to Exogyra ponderosa
agree in all their essential characters with Roemer’s species. However, in addition to the

1 Roemer, Ferdinand, Texas, Bonn, 1849, pp. 395-396; Die Kreidebildungen von Texas, Bonn, 1852, pp. 71-72.

GEOLOGIC AND GEOGRAPHIC RANGE, 43

characters described by him, many of the specimens have on the beaks of the larger valves
small regularly arranged coste extending from near the tip of the beaks backward over the sur-
face of the shell for one-half to three-quarters of an inch, and some of them have a series of more
or less strongly developed, sharp to round ridged coste, which extend backward from the beak
to a maximum distance of 5 inches, and which are strikingly irregular as regards their promi-
nence, shape, and distribution. That these are variations within the species is proved by the
fact that specimens showing all gradations from those entirely devoid of radiating cost to
those possessing the distinctly developed irregular cost may in places be obtained from the
same horizon. Although the two extremes are connected by forms showing all intermediate
gradations, the striking difference in appearance between the noncostate forms and those with
the well-developed irregular costz seems to justify the adoption of a distinguishing designation
for the latter, and the name Hxogyra ponderosa var. erraticostata is therefore proposed.

The original of Exogyra costata was described by Say ' from the Cretaceous of New Jersey.
The exact locality from which the type was obtained is not known but is believed by Weller * to
have been Mulica Hill, a Navesink marl (Monmouth group) locality.

The species is characterized by the presence on the larger valve of regularly arranged,
prominent, radiating, entire or bifurcating coste, which, except on large, overgrown individ-
uals, extend from the beak to the margin of the shell. These coste vary in their greatest
width on different individuals from 3 to 8 millimeters. In general, the coste are widest in
specimens occurring in the lower beds of the stratigraphic range of the species and grow nar-
rower in those in successively higher beds to the upper limit of the range, but there are excep-
tions to the rule. A distinct varietal form of the species, and one which may perhaps be
deserving of specific rank, is characterized by rather weak, regularly arranged, radiating coste,
interrupted by regularly distributed concentric depressions or undulations in such a manner as
to give to the surface of the shell a checkered or cancellated appearance. For this form the
name Hxogyra costata var. cancellata is proposed.

GEOLOGIC AND GEOGRAPHIC RANGE.

EASTERN GULF REGION AND THE CAROLINAS.

In Plate XII the known ranges in the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain of the species and
varieties of Exogyra described in this paper are shown diagrammatically.

The known range of Hxogyra upatoiensis sp. noy. in the eastern Gulf region is very slight,
both stratigraphically and geographically, the species apparently being restricted to a stratum
a few feet thick near the base of the Eutaw formation in eastern Alabama and western Georgia,
the known linear extent of which does not exceed 8 miles. Specimens have been collected at
three localities. Outside the eastern Gulf region the species is known from but one locality.
In a well boring at Charleston, S. C., it was obtained from samples representing the depths
1,974 to 2,007 feet.

Exogyra ponderosa Roemer makes its first appearance near the base of the Tombigbee sand
member of the Eutaw formation in the Chattahoochee region and ranges upward to about the
middle of the Selma chalk and its corresponding nonchalky marine equivalents to the northward
and eastward. In northern Mississippi these nonchalky equivalents consist chiefly of glau-
conitic, more or less calcareous sands, which constitute a part of the Tombigbee sand member
of the Eutaw formation. In eastern Alabama and Georgia they consist of marine sands, clays,
and marls, making up the lower one-third or one-half of the Ripley formatign. The species
has been obtained from 64 authentic localities scattered throughout a belt extending from
Chattahoochee County, Ga., through Alabama and Mississippi to Henderson County, Tenn., a
distance of about 375 miles, but by detailed collecting this number could be multiplied many
times.

1 Say, Thomas, Am. Jour. Sci., Ist ser., vol. 2, 1820, p. 43.
2 Weller, Stuart, The Cretaceous paleontology of New Jersey: New Jersey Geol. Survey, Paleontology, vol. 4, text, 1907, pp. 456-458.

44 SPECIES OF EXOGYRA FROM THE EASTERN GULF REGION AND THE CAROLINAS.

In North Carolina the species is restricted to the marine invertebrate-bearing beds forming
the upper part of the Black Creek formation. It has been collected from four localities dis-
tributed along a linear distance of approximately 35 miles. The varietal form of the species,
Exogyra ponderosa var. erraticostata var. nov., has approximately the same range and distribu-
tion as the typical form. This variety has been collected from 24 authentic localities in the
eastern Gulf region and from two localities in the Black Creek formation of the Carolinas.
Specimens questionably referred to this variety have been found at two localities in North
Carolina in beds near the base of the overlying Peedee sand, indicating a slightly higher
range than the known range of the variety in the eastern Gulf region.

Exogyra costata Say ranges from just above the upper limit of the range of Exogyra pon-
derosa Roemer, through the upper half of the Selma chalk and its nonchalky equivalents which
include all of the Ripley formation of northern Mississippi, and the upper one-half or two-thirds of
the Ripley formation of eastern Alabama and Georgia. Apparent exceptions to this limit of
range are a few specimens found in the Exogyra ponderosa zone, which appear to approach
rather closely to the typical costate forms, but all of which are smaller and differ slightly in
form, shape, and arrangement of costz from well-developed typical specimens. These are
probably the ancestors of the true Exogyra costata of higher horizons. Geographically this
species occurs in a belt south and west of that occupied by Hxogyra ponderosa, extending from
Macon County, Ga., westward through Alabama and northward through Mississippi to the
Tennessee State line, a distance of 400 miles. The collections studied mclude specimens from
81 localities, but this number could be greatly increased were the region covered in detail.

In the Carolmas the species ranges through the Peedee sand. It has been obtained from
28 localities, distributed in a belt extending from Peedee River in South Carolina northeastward
to the southern part of Pitt County, N. C., a distance of approximately 150 mies.

Exogyra costata var. cancellata var. noy. makes its first appearance approximately coin-
cident with the initial appearance of the typical, strongly costate forms, the horizon of both
-being just above the upper limit of the range of Exogyra ponderosa Roemer. In the lower-
most beds of its stratigraphic range, especially im Mississippi, this variety appears to exceed
numerically the typical costate forms. In the successively higher beds it appears to decrease
in numbers and is entirely absent, so far as known, from the upper 50 or 75 feet of Cretaceous
strata in Mississippi and western Alabama and probably from a greater thickness in the Chat-
tahoochee region.

This varietal form has been collected from 27 localities in the eastern Gulf region. Of
these localities 26 are distributed through a belt lyimg south and west of that in which Lxogyra
ponderosa Roemer occurs and extending from Johnsons Hill, 4 miles north of Lumpkin, in
Stewart County, Ga., westward through Alabama and northward through Mississippi to 7 miles
east of Lexington, Henderson County, Tenn., a distance of approximately 400 miles. The
twenty-seventh locality is near Cairo, Ill., where one specimen was found in an excavation
for one of the piers of the Ilinois Central Railroad bridge over Ohio River. (See p. 18.)

In North Carolina the variety has been obtained from four localities only, the horizon in
each place bemg toward the basal part of the Peedee sand.

NEW JERSEY.

Both Exogyra ponderosa Roemer and Exogyra costata Say have been recognized in the
Upper Cretaceous deposits of New Jersey. According to Weller* they are here restricted in
range in the same manner as their southern representatives. Ezxogyra ponderosa occurs only
in the Marshalltown clay marl, which is next to the highest of the formations of the Matawan
group; and Exogyra costata occurs throughout the Monmouth group, which overlies the Mata-
wan group. So far as known the two species do not overlap in the New Jersey section and

U.S.GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

PROFESSIONAL PAPER 81

Texas

PLATE XII

q Lapham ponderosa Roemer

q- --Exogyra costata Say
--Exogyra costata var. cancellata var. nov.

(a). Including nonchalky equivalents in
Alabama, western Georgia, northern
sippi, and western Tennessee

(6) Tombigbee sand member of Eutaw fa

Austin
550”

Eagle Ford 4
500"

Woodbine {
400! |

(Hf

ey bse

-Exogyra costata Say

Exogyra costata
var. cancellata var. nov.

1
\
1
1
'
'
4|—~Exogyra ponderosa Roemer
'] Y
1
\
\

U.S GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
PROFESSIONAL PAPER 8! PLATE XII

Carolinas Eastern Gulf region Arkansas Texas
' | \1]---Bzogyra costata Say :
H Baer naenatalanvanton iceliata war vier. Arkadelphia i Navarro, / --Exogyra costata Say
1 ogy a 7 NOV. soo! a 500°
Peedee, Haaoes foutata Bay, i|---Exogyra costata Say
i ote i Ezogyra costata
= ‘ tees ee — | var. cancellata var. nov.
aay 1 ayy 1 a tea 160° H =e
ae Brogyra costata var: cancellata yar. nov. ' SesSece \ o>
pogyra. | |. fazzogyra ponderosa Roemer und -=-Marlbrook {7 wana |
‘Exogyra ponderosa var. erraticostata var. nov. | \Ezegyra ponderusa var. crraticastata var. nov. = rok ih = Breqvra costata var. cancellata var. nov.
b>} ---Bzonyra ponderosa Roemer H /NNELD,
H ' i
Black Creek a} ' Exogyra ponderosa Roemer
600! ale i
Eutaw, Brawnstawn' }|--- Exogyra ponderosa Roemer i
500 600” H
' Austin
1 550°
4 ---Exogyra upatoiensis sp. nov. H
Bingen
500”
(a) Including nonchalky equivalents in eastern Eagle Ford
Alal western Georgia, northern Missis- Tusealoosa. 500”
sippi, and western Tennessee tooo! , |
(6) Tombigbee sand member of Eutaw formation
Woodbine
400"

RANGES IN THE ATLANTIC AND GULF COASTAL PLAIN OF THE SPECIES AND VARIETIES OF EXOGYRA DESCRIBED IN THIS PAPER

“ade a 2 7 ‘ if
EESSI4) (en Sti Senn ’
"eee ashi Dee ee
JRGkS aie ins hes LIPe | : r ca |

Tears

ot Cah ORES

seo Hey Ilo os pe ER

GEOLOGIC AND GEOGRAPHIC RANGE. 45
WESTERN GULF REGION.

In the western Gulf region the genus ranges from the Fredericksburg group of the Lower
Cretaceous to the top of the Upper Cretaceous. The species common to the eastern Gulf region,
however, do not occur lower than the Austin chalk. All the species and varieties occurring
in the Upper Cretaceous deposits of the eastern Gulf region, except Exogyra upatoiensis sp.
noy., are known in the Upper Cretaceous deposits of the western Gulf region. The information
available in the literature, that afforded by the collections in the National Museum, and that
obtained by the writer in his field studies, give good grounds for the belief that the range
restrictions in the two regions are analogous.

In Arkansas and northeastern Texas Hxogyra ponderosa Roemer and Exogyra ponderosa
var. erraticosiata, the former in abundance, occur in the Brownstown marl. Hzxogyra costata
Say occurs in the overlying Marlbrook marl, Nacatoch sand, and Arkadelphia clay. (See
Pl. XII.) Hxogyra costata var. cancellata var. nov. occurs abundantly in the Marlbrook marl.

In Texas the species Exogyra ponderosa Roemer is abundant m places in the upper part
of the Austin chalk and in the basal beds of the overlying Taylor marl. A few specimens of
Exogyra ponderosa var. erraticostata have been found in the basal part of the Taylor marl.
Specimens in the National Museum referable to the last-named variety were collected in 1895
by Vaughan and Stanton, from beds that are regarded as synchronous with the Taylor marl,
near San Carlos, Presidio County, Tex.1_ These specimens (U. 8. Geol. Survey coll. 1467 and
field No..297) were identified by Stanton as a variety intermediate between Hzxogyra costata
Say and Exogyra ponderosa Roemer. Exogyra costata Say is a characteristic species of the
Navarro and its equivalent, the ‘‘Webberville’’ formation, of Texas. Huxogyra costata var.
cancellata var. nov. occurs in beds probably representing the lower part of the Navarro forma-
tion near Cooper, Delta County, Tex., and in cuts of the Houston & Texas Central Railroad
4 and 44 miles, respectively, east of Crandall, Kaufman County, Tex. The genus has not been
reported from the middle and upper parts of the underlying Taylor marl, and for this reason
the upper limit of the range of Exogyra ponderosa Roemer and the lower limit of the range of

Exogyra costata Say are not known.
MEXICO.

One specimen of ELxogyra ponderosa Roemer from Mexico is in the National Museum coi-
lections. It was obtained by White and Stanton from a locality across the Rio Grande from
Presidio, Tex. (U.S. Geol. Survey coll. 622). The beds were correlated by Stanton with the
Taylor marl. (See p. 48.)

Exogyra costata Say has been described from so-called lower Senonian beds exposed in
the vicinity of Cardenas, State of San Luis Potosi, Mexico, by Dr. Emilio Bése, whose figured
specimens agree closely in the surface sculpture of the lower valve with the coarsely costate
variety occurring near the base of the Exogyra costata zone m the eastern Gulf region. (See
Pl. XVII, fig. 2.) They differ from the latter, however, in the sculpture of their upper valves,
the concentric growth projections being coarser, more widely separated, and fewer in number
in the Mexican specimens. Three specimens (U.S. Geol. Survey coll. 4129), which prove to
be the variety Hxogyra costata var. cancellata var. nov., were brought from Mexico by Stanton
in 1906. They were given to him at San Luis Potosi and were said to have been collected
near Ciudad del Maiz, State of San Luis Potosi.

UTAH.

In Utah, “east of Impracticable Ridge,’ specimens of Exogyra have been obtained
from beds now known to belong to the Colorado group, and have been referred by White ? to
Exogyra ponderosa (U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 13417). Although not typical, the specimens are
nearer to this species than to any other described form, and until better collections have been
made and the variations noted they may be considered correctly identified.

1 Vaughan, T. W., Reconnaissance in the Rio Grande coal fields of Texas: Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey No. 164, 1900, pp. 77-82.
2 White, C. A., Rept. U. S. Geog. Surveys W. 100th Mer., vol. 4, pt. 1, 1877, p. 172, Pl. XIV, figs. 1 a-c.

46 SPECIES OF EXOGYRA FROM THE EASTERN GULF REGION AND THE CAROLINAS.

SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTIONS.
Genus EXOGYRA Say.

EXoGYRA UPATOIENSIS Sp. nov.
Plate XIII, figures 1, 2, 3, 4.

Description.—Shell small and thin as compared with other members of the genus in the
region; subcircular to subovate im outline; dimensions of a medium-sized individual, length
33 millimeters, height 35 millimeters, convexity 18 millimeters (Pl. XIII, fig. 1); dimensions
of a large individual, length 52 millimeters, height 55 millimeters, convexity 43 millimeters
(Pl. XIII, fig. 4). Left or lower valve much larger than right valve, strongly convex;
attached in proximity of beak to an external object, the scar of attachment generally
large and causing much distortion of the shell; the object of attachment is frequently
the shell of another mollusk, the sculpture of which is distinctly impressed on some speci-
mens of Exogyra (Pl. XIII, fig. 1); apical portion spirally coiled with the marginal out-
line of the shell, the coils cluding 1 to 2 volutions; hinge with ligamental groove broad,
deeply impressed, paralleled above by a narrow, shallow groove, both grooves curved to con-
form to the spiral twist to the shell; posterior to the larger groove a broad shallow, striated
depression; adductor scar distinct; surface ornamented with numerous fine, narrow, fre-
quently bifurcating cost, characterized by their irregularity as regards shape, size, and
prominence (Pl. XIII, figs. 1 and 4); an umbonal ridge more or less clearly defined extends
from the beak in a curve conforming to the spiral twist of the shell to the lower posterior
margin—but this ridge in some specimens is interrupted in proximity to the beak by the scar
of attachment; along the umbonal ridge the coste bifurcate more numerously than elsewhere
(Pl. XIII, fig. 1); toward the margin of the larger individuals the costs become more irregular
and weaker, in some specimens disappearing entirely; concentric growth lines are present in
smaller individuals, and toward the margin of larger individuals these develop into prominent
imbricating lamelle (Pl. XIII, fig. 4). Upper or right valve, flat or slightly concave, opercu-
liform, subcircular, or subovate in outline, with nearly flat, spiral twist, the beak being well
within the margin; beak depressed, not prominent; this valve inclosed within and slightly depressed
below the projectmg margin of the lower valve; hinge with broad deeply impressed ligamental
groove, curved to conform to the spiral twist of the shell, the upper margin of the groove
finely crenulated; posterior to the groove a striated protuberance occupies a position in appo-
sition to the similarly striated depression on the left valve; surface marked by fine concentric
growth lines which toward the margin are produced into thin projecting lamelle, separated by
deep, narrow depressions.

Geologic occurrence.—Known only from beds near the base of the Eutaw formation in the
Chattahoochee region (Alabama and Georgia), and from a deep well at Charleston, S. C.

Localities —The species has been obtamed from four localities as follows:

U. S. Geol. Survey colls. 5373, 5377.—Bluff on Upatoi Creek below bridge of Columbus-Cusseta road, 7 miles
southeast of Columbus, in Chattahoochee County, Ga. Near base of Eutaw formation.

U.S. Geol. Survey colls. 847, 5384, 6408.—Broken Arrow Bend, Chattahoochee River, 104 miles below Columbus,
Ga. Near base of Eutaw formation.

U. S. Geol. Survey coll. 5385.—Chattahoochee River, one-half mile below Broken Arrow Bend. Near base of
Eutaw formation.

U. S. Geol. Survey coll. 7778.—Deep well of the Charleston Consolidated Railway & Lighting Co., Charleston,
S. C., from a sample representing the depths 1,974 to 2,007 feet.

ExoGYRA PONDEROSA Roemer.
Plate XIII, figures 5, 6, 7; Plate XIV; Plate XV, figures 1, 2, 3.

1849. Exogyra ponderosa Roemer, Texas, p. 395.

1852. Exogyra ponderosa Roemer, Kreidebildungen von Texas, pp. 71-72, Taf. 9, figs. 2 a-b.

1853. Exogyra ponderosa Shumard, Marcy’s Exploration of the Red River, La., pp. 204-205.

1857. Exogyra costata (var.) Conrad, U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey, vol. 1, pt. 2, p. 154, Pl. VIII, fig. 3, Pl. IX,
fig. 1.

EXOGYRA PONDEROSA. 47

1869. Ostrea torosa Coquand (in part), Monographie du genre Ostrea, terrain crétacé, Paris, p. 38, Pl. IX. figs.
1, 2, and 3.

1870. Exogyra ponderosa Credner, Zeitschr. Deutsch. geol. Gesell., vol. 22, p. 229.

1875. Exogyra ponderosa White, Rept. Geog. Surveys W. 100th Mer., vol. 4, pt. 1, p. 172, Pl. XIV, figs. 1 a-c.

1884. Exogyra ponderosa White, Fourth Ann. Rept. U. 8. Geol. Survey, p. 306, Pl. L, figs. 1-2.

1885. Exogyra costata Whitfield (in part), Mon. U. 8. Geol. Survey, vol. 9, pp. 39-41, Pl. VI, figs. 1-2. Also Paleon-
tology of New Jersey, vol. 1, 1886, pp. 39-41, Pl. VI, figs. 1-2.

1893. Exogyra ponderosa Stanton, Bull. U. 8. Geol. Survey No. 106, pp. 65-66, Pl. VII, figs. 1 and 2.

1901. Exogyra ponderosa Hill, Twenty-first Ann. Rept. U. 8. Geol. Survey, pt. 7, Pl. XLV, fig. 1.

1902. Exogyra ponderosa Hill and Vaughan, Austin folio (No. 76), Geol. Atlas U.8., U.S. Geol. Survey, illustration
sheet, fig. 46.

1906. Exogyra ponderosa Veatch, Prof. Paper U. 8S. Geol. Survey No. 46, Pl. LX.

1907. Exogyra ponderosa Weller, New Jersey Geol. Survey, Paleontology, vol. 4, text, pp. 458-460, Pl. XLVII,
fig. 2.

Description.—Shell of adult very thick and ponderous, im outline subcircular to extended
subovate; dimensions of an adult individual, length 111 millimeters, height 177 millimeters,
convexity 94 millimeters (Pl. XIV); dimensions of a medium-sized specimen, length 97
millimeters, height 112 millimeters, convexity 60 millimeters (Pl. XV, fig. 1). Left or
lower valve much larger than right valve, strongly convex; attached in proximity to beak
to external object, this part of the shell often very much deformed by scar of attachment;
apical portion of shell spirally coiled within the marginal outline of the shell; hinge with
ligamental groove broad, deeply impressed, paralleled on the upper side by a rather faintly
developed, narrow shallow groove, both grooves curved to conform to spiral twist of shell;
posterior to the larger groove a broad, shallow, pitted or striated depression; surface of
shell marked by thin, rather prominent, concentric, imbricating growth lamelle, with inter-
mediate fine growth lines; cost either entirely absent or small, regularly arranged coste
present in proximity to beak and extending back from beak one-half to three-fourths inch
(Pl. XIII, figs. 5-7), or, in addition to the preceding, very faint irregular costee extending back
to varying distances away from beak; a more or less clearly defined umbonal ridge extends
from the beak backward, in a curve conforming to the spiral twist of shell, to the lower posterior
margin, usually, however, becoming rounder and less clearly recognizable toward the margin
(Pl. XV, fig. 1). Upper or right valve flat or slightly concave, operculiform, subcircular
or subovate in outline, with a nearly flat, spiral twist, the beak being well within the
margin; beak depressed, not prominent; this valve inclosed within and slightly depressed
below the projecting margin of the lower valve; hinge with broad, deeply impressed ligamental
groove curved to conform to the spiral twist of shell, the upper margin of the groove finely
crenulated (Pl. XV, fig. 3); posterior to the groove a striated protuberance occupies a position
in apposition to the similarly striated depression on the left valve; in proximity to the beak
the surface is marked by numerous fine, concentric growth lmes, which away from the beak
toward the margins are produced imto thin projecting lamelle, separated by deep, narrow
depressions.

Geologic occurrence.—In the Chattahoochee region (Alabama-Georgia) the species makes
its first appearance near the base of the Tombigbee sand member of the Eutaw formation.
It is common in the upper one-fourth to one-half of the Tombigbee sand in western Georgia,
Alabama, and as far north in Mississippi as Monroe or Itawamba County, and in that part of
the Tombigbee sand which in northern Mississippi represents the time equivalent of the basal
part of the Selma chalk. From the Tombigbee sand it ranges upward to about the middle of
the Selma chalk where the latter is most fully developed in western Alabama and east-central
Mississippi; and is present in the corresponding nonchalky marine equivalents of the lower
half of the Selma chalk in eastern Alabama and in Georgia, these equivalents constituting the
lower one-third or one-half of the Ripley formation of this region. The upper limit of the range
of the species is represented in Plates IX and X by red line 2.

In North Carolina the species occurs in the upper marine invertebrate-bearing beds of the
Black Creek formation.

48 SPECIES OF EXOGYRA FROM THE EASTERN GULF REGION AND THE CAROLINAS.

In New Jersey the species occurs in the Marshalltown clay marl of the Matawan group.

In Arkansas and northeastern Texas the species occurs abundantly in the Brownstown
marl.

In Texas the species is abundant in places in the upper part of the Austin chalk and in
the lower part of the overlying Taylor marl; it is also fairly abundant in places in the Anacacho
formation, which is the time equivalent in southwestern Texas of part or all of the Taylor marl.

Specimens considered referable to this species have been obtained from two localities out-
side of the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain. One of the localities is represented by a specimen
in the National Museum labeled as follows: ‘‘U.8. G.S. loc. No. 622, across the Rio Grande
from Presidio, Tex., near top of shales. Collected by C. A. White and T. W. Stanton.” Stanton?
compares the horizon where this was found with that of the invertebrate-bearing beds near San
Carlos, Presidio County, Tex., which he regards as synchronous with a part of the Taylor marl.

The second locality is represented by several specimens, referred to this species by
White,? which were obtained ‘‘east of Impracticable Ridge, Utah,’’ from beds now known to
belong to the Colorado group. The figured specimen is in the National Museum (U.S. Nat. Mus.
Cat. No. 13417) and has been examined by the writer. It is not a typical representative of
the species, but is nearer to it than to any other described species. Until more specimens have
been obtained from this locality and their variations noted, it is, perhaps, best to regard it as
referable to this species.

Localities —In the eastern Gulf region the species has been collected from 64 localities dis-
tributed along a belt 10 to 20 miles in width, extending from Chattahoochee County, Ga., through
Alabama and Mississippi to McNairy County, Tenn. The trend of this belt may be seen by
referring to the map (PI. [X); the area embraced by the belt is included between the dotted
line indicated by the red letter P and the red line 2. Detailed descriptions of all the localities
accompany the tables (pp. 24-25). Some of the more typical localities are the following:

U.S. Geol. Survey coll. 5379.—Seaboard Air Line Railway, 2} miles northwest of Cusseta, Chattahoochee County,
Ga. Tombigbee sand member of Eutaw formation.

U.S. Geol. Survey coll. 5388.—Big Bend, Chattahoochee River, 2443 miles below Columbus, on the Alabama side
of the river. Tombigbee sand member of Eutaw formation.

U.S. Geol. Survey coll. 6406.—Banks Landing, Chattahoochee River, 26} miles below Columbus, in Chattahoo-
chee County, Ga. Tombigbee sand member of Eutaw formation.

U.S. Geol. Survey colls. 844, 5392, 6405.—Bluffitown, Chattahoochee River, 314 miles below Columbus, in Chatta-
hoochee County, Ga. Tombigbee sand member of Eutaw formation.

_ U.S. Geol. Survey coll. 6827.—Cut of Central of Georgia Railway 5 miles southwest of Seale, Russell County, Ala.

Tombigbee sand member of Eutaw formation.

U.S. Geol. Survey coll. 6820.—Conecuh Falls, Union Springs, Bullock County, Ala. Ripley formation near top of
Exogyra ponderosa zone.

U.S. Geol. Survey colls. 273, 6425a.—Choctaw Bluff, Warrior River, 4 miles south of Eutaw, Greene County, Ala.
Top of Tombigbee sand member of Eutaw formation. P

U. S. Geol. Survey coll. 6432.—Warrior River, Hatchs Bluff, 7} miles above Demopolis (by the river), in Hale
County, Ala. Selma chalk (near top of Exogyra ponderosa zone).

U. S. Geol. Survey colls. 282, 6451a-c, 6414, 6918 —Plymouth Bluff, Tombigbee River, 4 to 5 miles northwest of
Columbus, Lowndes County, Miss. Tombigbee sand member of Eutaw formation.

U. S. Geol. Survey coll. 6880.—Allen Gavin place, 12 miles east of Brookville, Noxubee County, Miss. Selma
chalk (near base).

U. S. Geol. Survey coll. 6925.—Bluff on Tombigbee River at Aberdeen, Monroe County, Miss. Tombigbee sand
member of Eutaw formation.

U.S. Geol. Survey colls. 6886—6888.—One mile west of Cotton Gin Port, Monroe County, Miss. Top of Tombigbee
sand member of Eutaw formation and base of Selma chalk.

U.S. Geol. Survey coll. 6892.—Gullies on Erskine Miller’s place near Black Oak Grove church, 7 miles northeast
of Okolona in Monroe County, Miss. Selma chalk, Exogyra ponderosa zone.

U.S. Geol. Survey colls. 6458), 6911.—Hare’s old mill site on Big Brown Creek, 9 miles east of Booneville, Prentiss
County, Miss. Tombigbee sand member of Eutaw formation. (Probably corresponds approximately to Mortoniceras
subzone.)

1 Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey No. 164, 1900, p. 82.
2 White, C. A., Rept. U. S. Geog. Surveys W. 100th Mer., vol. 4, pt. 1, 1877, p. 172, Pl. XIV, figs. 1 a-c.

EXOGYRA PONDEROSA ERRATICOSTATA, 49

U.S. Geol. Survey coll. 6455a.—Cut of Mobile & Ohio Railroad south of station at Booneville, Prentiss County,
Miss. Base of Selma chalk of northern Mississippi. (Within 50 to 100 feet of top of Exogyra ponderosa zone.)

U. S. Geol. Survey coll. 6457.—Bald spot near Geeyille road, 1} miles southwest of Booneville, Prentiss County,
Miss. Selma chalk, near top of Exogyra ponderosa zone.

U.S. Geol. Survey coll. 6928.—Roadside exposure, one-quarter mile west of Adamsville, McNairy County, Tenn.
Impure phase of Selma chalk. (Near top of Exogyra ponderosa zone.)

In North Carolina the species has been collected from 4 localities as follows:

U.S. Geol. Survey colls. 4144, 5347.—Blue Banks Landing, Tar River, 7 miles above Greenville, Pitt County.
Black Creek formation.

U.S. Geol. Survey colls. 785, 5348—Snow Hill, Greene County. Black Creek formation.

U. S. Geol. Survey coll. 4142.—Contentnea Creek, 6 miles below Snow Hill, Greene County. Black Creek
formation.

U.S. Geol. Survey coll. 5353.—Auger Hole Landing, Lenoir County. Black Creek formation.

EXoGYRA PONDEROSA Var. ERRATICOSTATA var. NOV.
Plate XV, figure 4; Plate XVI, figures 1, 2.

Description.—In all its characters except the surface ornamentation of the left or lower
valve this variety is essentially like the typical Hxogyra ponderosa Roemer.

The surface of the left valve is characterized by the presence of fairly well defined, sharp
to rounded, ridged, radiating costzx or plications which differ from the costz on Hxogyra costata
Say in their generally weaker development and in their striking irregularity as regards size,
shape, and distribution (Pl. XV, fig. 4). In proximity to the beak the shell is usually orna-
mented with small, regularly arranged costz (such as are present on some specimens of Hzogyra
ponderosa Roemer, Pl. XIII, fig. 5), extending backward over the shell one-half to three-fourths
of an inch (Pl. XVI, fig. 1) and merging into the irregular coste just described, which charac-
terize the variety. The irregular costz extend backward 3 to 5 inches from the beak, becoming
weaker in the direction of the margin; in the larger individuals there is usually a considerable
part of the surface bordering the margin on which the coste are either very faint or are entirely
absent (Pl. XVI, fig. 1).

Remarks.—That this form is closely related to Exogyra ponderosa Roemer is proved by the
fact that practically all gradations are found between specimens typical of the species, and the
extremes of the variety. The specimen illustrated in Plate XVI, figure 1, represents one of the
intermediate gradations; in this specimen the irregular coste are rather strongly developed in
front of the umbonal ridge on a part of the shell not showing in the illustration, for which reason
it is referred to this variety.

Geologic occurrence.—In the eastern Gulf region Exogyra ponderosa var. erraticostata appears
to be coextensive in its occurrence both stratigraphically and geographically with Exogyra pon-
derosa Roemer. It is present in the Tombigbee sand member of the Eutaw formation and
ranges upward to about the middle of the Selma chalk, where the latter is most fully deveioped
in western Alabama and east-central Mississippi, and is present in the corresponding nonchalky
equivalents of this part of the Selma chalk in eastern Alabama and Georgia—that is, in approxi-
mately the lower one-third or one-half of the Ripley formation. The lower limit of its range is
shown in Plates [X and X by the dotted line indicated by the red letter P and the upper limit
by the red line 2. In the Carolinas the yariety occurs in the marine invertebrate-bearing beds
forming the upper‘part of the Black Creek formation, and it is present questionably in the
extreme basal beds of the overlying Peedee sand.

From Weller’s description | of Hxogyra ponderosa Roemer the variety is doubtless present
in the Marshalltown clay marl of the Matawan group in association ‘with the typical forms of
the species.

In Arkansas and northeastern Texas the variety occurs in the Brownstown marl. Farther
south in Texas it occurs in the basal part of the Taylor marl and it has been recognized in

1 Weller, Stuart, The Cretaceous paleontology of New Jersey: New Jersey Geol. Survey, Paleontology, vol. 4, 1907, text, pp. 160-462.
105°—No. 81—14_4

50 SPECIES OF EXOGYRA FROM THE EASTERN GULF REGION AND THE CAROLINAS.

collections from beds near San Carlos, Presidio County, regarded as synchronous with a part of
the Taylor marl. (U.S. Geol. Survey coll. 1467 and Stanton’s field No. 297.) The last-named
collection was made by Vaughan and Stanton. (See p. 45.)

Localities.—This variety has been obtained in the eastern Gulf region from 24 localities,
detailed descriptions of which accompany the tables, pages 24-25 of this report. Some of the
more typical localities are the following: :

U.S. Geol. Survey colls. 5395, 6404.—Bluff on Chattahoochee River at Florence, Stewart County, Ga. Ripley
formation, Exogyra ponderosa zone.

U.S. Geol. Survey colls. 5390, 6406 —Banks Landing, Chattahoochee River, 263 miles below Columbus, in Stewart
County, Ga. Tombigbee sand member of the Eutaw formation.

U.S. Geol. Survey coll. 6441.—Public road, 14 miles east of Old Hamburg, Perry County, Ala. Top of Tombigbee
sand member of Eutaw formation.

U.S. Geol. Survey colls. 64286, 6932_—Erie Bluff, Warrior River, Greene County, Ala. Top of Tombigbee sand
member of Eutaw formation.

U.S. Geol. Survey coll. 6920.—Gullies near Plymouth Bluff, Tombigbee,River, 4 or 5 miles northwest of Colum-
bus, Miss. Base of Selma chalk.

U.S. Geol. Survey colls. 6886, 6888.—One mile west of Cotton Gin Port, Monroe County, Miss. Base of Selma
chalk.

U.S. Geol. Survey coll. 6892.—Gullies on Erskine Miller’s place, near Black Oak Grove church, 7 miles northeast
of Okolona, Monroe County, Miss. Selma chalk, Exogyra ponderosa zone.

U.S. Geol. Survey coll. 6455 —Cut of Mobile & Ohio Railroad south of Booneville, Prentiss County, Miss. Base
of Selma chalk of northern Mississippi (within 50 to 100 feet of top of Exogyra ponderosa zone).

U.S. Geol. Survey coll. 6928.—Exposures in Selmer-Adamsville road, one-quarter mile west of Adamsville,
McNairy County, Tenn. Impure phase of Selma chalk, near to top of Exogyra ponderosa zone.

The variety has been collected from the following localities in the Carolinas:

U.S. Geol. Survey coll. 5366.—Iron Mine Landing, Black River, 51 miles above Wilmington, N.C. Near top of
Black Creek formation.

U.S. Geol. Survey coll. 5372.—Hodge’s old mill, 34 miles southeast of Mullins, Marion County, 8.C. Top of Black
Creek formation.

In addition to these localities specimens which should perhaps be referred to this variety
have been found on Cape Fear River at Donohue Creek Landing, 50} miles above Wilmington,
and at Kelly’s Cove Landing, 46 miles above Wilmington, Bladen County, N. C., the beds from
which they were taken being in each case stratigraphically near the base of the Peedee sand.
This is a slightly higher range than the known range of the variety in the eastern Gulf region.

ExoGyRA COSTATA Say.
Plate XVI, figures 3, 4; Plate XVII, figures 1, 2; Plate XVIII; Plate XIX, figures 1, 2, 3, 4; Plate XX, figure 1.

1820. Exogyra costata Say, Am. Jour. Sci., lst ser., vol. 2, p. 43.

1828. Exogyra costata Morton, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Ist ser., vol. 6, p. 85, Pl. VI, figs. 14.

1830. Exogyra costata Morton, Am. Jour. Sci., Ist ser., vol. 17, p. 284.

1834. Exogyra costata Morton, Synopsis of the organic remains of the Cretaceous group of the United States, pp. 55-
56, Pl. VI, figs. 1+.

1840. Exogyra costata Troost, Fiith Geol. Rept. Tennessee, p. 46.

1849. Exogyra costata Roemer [?], Texas, Bonn, 1849, p. 396.

1852. Exogyra costata Roemer [?], Kreidebildungen von Texas, Bonn, p. 72.

1857. Exogyra costata Conrad, Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey, vol. 1, pt. 2, pp. 154-155, Pl. IX, fig. 2a-b,
Pl. X, fig. 1.

1858. Exogyra interrupta Conrad, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 2d ser., vol. 3, p. 330, Pl. XX XTV, fig. 15.

1858. Exogyra costata Emmons, Rept. North Carolina Geol. Survey, p. 278, fig. A.

1860. Exogyra costata Owen, Second Rept. Geol. Recon. Arkansas, Pl. VII, fig. 4.

1861. Exogyra costata Gabb, Synopsis of the Mollusca of the Cretaceous formation, p. 122.

1864. Exogyra costata Meek, Check list of the invertebrate fossils of North America, Cretaceous and Jurassic, Smith
sonian Misc. Coll., vol. 7 (No. 177), p. 6.

1868. Exogyra costata Conrad, Cook’s Geol. New Jersey, p. 374, fig. 1, p. 724.

1869. Ostrea torosa Coquand (in part), Monographie du genre Ostrea, terrain crétacé, Paris, p. 38, Pl. XIV, figs. 1-4,
Pl. XV, figs. 1, 2.

1876. Exogyra costata Gabb, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1876, p. 323.

EXOGYRA COSTATA. 51

1884. Exogyra costata White, Fourth Ann. Rept. U.S. Geol. Survey, p. 304, Pl. LI, figs. 1-2, Pl. LVI, figs. 1-2.

1885. Exogyra costata Whitfield (in part), Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey, vol. 9, 1886, pp. 39-41, Pl. VI, figs. 1, 2
Paleontology of New Jersey, vol. 1, 1886, pp. 39-41, Pl. VI, figs. 1, 2.

1896. Exogyra costata Say, Bull. Am. Paleontology, vol. 1, p. 291 (No. 5, p. 21) (a reprint).

1901. Exogyra costata Hill, Twenty-first Ann. Rept. U.S. Geol. Survey, pt. 7, Pl. XLVII, figs. 1, la.

1902. Exogyra costata Hill and Vaughan, Austin folio (No. 76) Geol. Atlas U. 8., U. 8S. Geol. Survey, illustration sheet,
fig. 52.

1906. Exogyra costata Bése, Bol. Mexico Inst. Geol., No. 24, pp. 51-54, Pl. VI, fig. 3, Pl. VII, fig. 1, Pl. VIII, figs. 2-3.
TEL, IDG vies, Gh

1906. Exogyra costata Veatch, Prof. Paper U. 8. Geol. Survey No. 46, Pl. XI, fig. 2a-b.

1907. Exogyra costata Weller, New Jersey Geol. Survey, Paleontology, vol. 4, text, pp. 456-458, Pl. XLVII, fig. 1-

Also

Description.—Shell of adult specimens thick and massive, becoming ponderous in some
overgrown specimens; subcircular to subovate in outline; dimensions of an average-sized
specimen, length 105 millimeters, height 115 millimeters, convexity 65 millimeters; the dimen-
sions of the largest specimen in the collections, length 162 millimeters, height 200 millimeters,
- convexity 100 millimeters (Pl. XVIII); valves unequal. Left or lower valve much larger
than right valve, convex, and attached in proximity to beak to an external object; the beak
usually more or less deformed by the scar of attachment; apical portion of shell spirally
coiled within the margin; hinge and other internal shell characters essentially the same as in
Exogyra ponderosa Roemer; outer surface of shell characterized by regularly arranged, promi-
nent, often rugged, radiating, entire or bifurcating coste, which in typical normal specimens
extend in curves conforming to the spiral twist of the shell from the beak to the margin; the
costz are separated by depressions which are usually narrower than the costz themselves; in
occasional nontypical specimens the costx are weakly developed and in large overgrown indi-
viduals the costz become faint or disappear entirely in the direction of the margin (Pl. XVIII);
in cross section the coste vary in shape from semicircular to squarish; the coste vary in-
maximum width on different adult individuals from 3 to 8 millimeters; many specimens are
further ornamented by concentric, imbricating growth lamelle, which vary greatly in promi-
nence from mere growth lines to broad, thin, projections, in some specimens extending outward
from the summits of the costz in spinelike folds (Pl. XIX, fig. 1); in some specimens the sum-
mits of the coste are ornamented with slight nodular protuberances (Pl. XIX, figs. 3 and 4);
in most specimens there is a more or less distinctly marked umbonal ridge extending from the
beak around to the posterior margin in a curve corresponding to the spiral twist of the shell;
along the umbonal ridge the coste bifureate frequently, those in front and below the ridge
extending with a slight backward curve to the lower margin, and those above and to the rear
of the ridge extending with a strong, upward curve to the upper posterior margin. Upper or
right valve flatly spiral, roughly disk-shaped or operculiform, the outer surface varying from
slightly convex to slightly concave, the valve inclosed within and slightly depressed below the
projecting margin of the lower valve; hinge and other internal shell characters essentially the
same as in Hrogyra ponderosa Roemer; beak depressed, not prominent; surface of shell orna-
mented with numerous concentric sharp-edged lamelle, separated by narrow, deep depressions;
radiating coste absent or but faintly developed on most specimens but on some specimens are
fairly prominent on upper posterior one-third of the shell surface (Pl. XX, fig. 1).

Remarks.—The exact locality from which the type specimen of this species was taken is
not known, but it is believed by Weller to have come from Mullica Hill, N. J., a Navesink marl
(Monmouth group) locality. In general this species occurs in beds stratigraphically higher
than those in which the species Exogyra ponderosa occurs, but there are apparent exceptions.
(See p. 44.)

The specimens taken from the base of the zone of Exogyra costata have in general a coarser
surface ornamentation than those from higher horizons. (See p. 43.)

Geologic occurrence.—In the eastern Gulf region the species is generally distributed through
the zone of Exogyra costata, which includes the Ripley formation (typical marine beds) of north-
ern Mississippi, approximately the upper one-half of the Selma chalk, where this formation is
most fully developed, and the upper one-half or two-thirds of the Ripley formation (typical

52 SPECIES OF EXOGYRA FROM THE EASTERN GULF REGION AND THE CAROLINAS.

marine beds) of eastern Alabama and Georgia. The lower limits of the range of typical speci-
mens in the eastern Gulf region is shown in Plates IX and X by the red line 2.

in the Carolinas the species occurs throughout the Peedee sand.

In New Jersey the species is present in the Navesink marl and the Redbank sand, both
formations of the Monmouth group.

. In Arkansas the species ranges through the Marlbrook marl, the Nacatoch sand, and the

Arkadelphia clay.

In Texas the species is a common fossil in the Navarro formation and its equivalent the
“Webberville” formation.

In Mexico the species occurs in the Cardenas division of the so-called lower Senonian.

Localities —In the eastern Gulf region the species has been collected from 81 localities
distributed along a belt 10 to 20 miles wide, extending from Macon County, Ga., through
Alabama and Mississippi, to the Tennessee State line. The trend of this belt may be seen by
referring to the map, Plate [X; the area embraced by the belt is included between the red
line 2 and the line marking the southern and western boundary of the Cretaceous area. De-
tailed descriptions of all the localities accompany the tables, pages 24-25. The following typical
localities may be mentioned in detail:

U.S. Geol. Survey colls. 186, 389, 854, 6400.—Chattahoochee River at Eufaula, Ala. Ripley formation, Exogyra
costata zone.

U. S. Geol. Survey coll. 6398.—Chattahoochee River, opposite the mouth of Burstahatchee Creek, 54 miles (by
the river) above Eufaula, Ala. Ripley formation, near base of Exogyra costata zone.

U.S. Geol. Survey colls. 5375, 6418a-c, e-h, j—Johnsons Hill, 4 miles north of Lumpkin, Stewart County, Ga.
Ripley formation, Hxogyra costata zone.

U.S. Geol. Survey colls. 6413, 6414.—Cuts of Seaboard Air Line Railway north of Renfroes, Stewart County, Ga.
Ripley formation, Lxogyra cosiata zone.

U. S. Geol. Survey colls. 6439, 6789.—Alabama River, Old Canton Landing, Wilcox County, Ala. Tongue of
Selma chalk at top of Cretaceous.

U.S. Geol. Survey colls. 292, 6438.—Tombigbee River, Moscow Landing, about.14 miles below Demopolis, Sum-
ter County, Ala. Top of Selma chalk.

U. S. Geol. Survey coll. 6804.—Livingston-Epes road, 4} miles northeast of Livingston, Sumter County, Ala.
Selma chalk, Exrogyra costata zone.

U.S. Geol. Survey coll. 6480b, d, e, f.—Six miles north of Scooba on Wahalak-Binnsville road, westward-facing
slope of Wahalak Creek valley, Kemper County, Miss. Near top of Selma chalk.

U. S. Geol. Survey coll. 6479a-c.—Macon-Shuqualak road, 5 miles south of Macon, northward-facing slope of
Running Water Creek, Noxubee County, Miss. Near top of Selma chalk.

U.S. Geol. Survey coll. 6476.—Louisville road, 2 miles a little south of west of Macon, Noxubee County, Miss.
Selma chalk, Hxogyra costata zone.

U.S. Geol. Survey colls. 3186, 6843, 6844.—Gullies on grounds of Agricultural and Mechanical College at Stark-
ville, Oktibbeha County, Miss. Top of Selma chalk.

U.S. Geol. Survey coll. 6863.—Six miles west of Tupelo, Miss., in gullies in field on westward-facing slope just
north of Tupelo-Pontotoe road. Toward base of Exogyra costata zone.

U.S. Geol. Survey colls. 75, 546, 707, 6464.—Owl Creek, 3 miles northeast of Ripley, in Tippah County, Miss.
Top of Ripley formation at type locality.

U.S. Geol. Survey coll. 6459.—‘ Bald Knob” on Joseph Reynolds place, 3 miles west of Corinth, Miss. Toward
base of Exogyra costata zone.

The species has been obtained from 28 localities in the Carolinas. Several of the more
notable localities are the following:

U.S. Geol. Survey coll. 4153.—Contentnea Creek, 14 miles above Grifton, Pitt County, N.C. Peedee sand.

U.S. Geol. Survey coll. 4131.—Northeast Cape Fear River, right bank, 674 miles above Wilmington, in Duplin
County, N. C. Peedee sand.

U.S. Geol. Survey coll. 4133.—Johnsons Cove, Northeast Cape Fear River, right bank, 61} miles above Wilming-
ton, in Duplin County, N. C. Peedee sand.

U. S. Geol. Survey coll. 3356—Robinsons Landing, Cape Fear River, right bank, 50 miles above Wilmington,
in Bladen County, N. C. Peedee sand.

U. S. Geol. Survey coll. 4154.—Daniels Landing, Cape Fear River, right bank, 40 miles above Wilmington,
in Bladen County, N. C. Peedee sand.

U.S. Geol. Survey coll. 3449.—Black Rock Landing, Cape Fear River, right bank, 37 miles above Wilmington,
in Bladen County, N. C. Peedee sand.

EXOGYRA COSTATA CANCELLATA, 53

U.S. Geol. Survey coll. 4143.—Northeast Cape Fear River, Hilton Park, Wilmington, N.C. Top of Peedee sand.

U. S. Geol. Survey coll. 4147.—\Burches Ferry, Peedee River, right bank, 87} miles above Georgetown, in
Florence County, 8. C. (15 miles below Seaboard Air Line Ry. bridge). Peedee sand.

U. S. Geol. Survey coll. 4159.—Davis Landing, Peedee River, right bank, 71 miles above Georgetown, im
Florence County, 8. C. Peedee sand.

EXOGYRA COSTATA var. CANCELLATA Var. Nov.
Plate XX, figures 2, 3, 4; Plate X XI, figures 1, 2.

Description.—Shell of adult moderately thick; subcircular to subovate in outline: dimen-
sions of an average specimen, length 92 millimeters, height 89 millimeters, convexity 41 milli-
meters; dimensions of a rather large specimen, length 117 millimeters, height 123 millimeters,
convexity 58 millimeters (Pl. X-XI, fig. 2). Left or lower valve much larger than right valve
and strongly convex; attached in proximity of beak to an external object, the beak usually
somewhat deformed by the scar of attachment; general form, hinge characters, and other
internal shell characters essentially the same as in Exogyra costata Say; surface of shell orna-
mented with more or less distinct, low, bifureating, nodular coste, the nodes produced by
concentric depressions regularly arranged in such a manner as to give to the surface of the shell
a checkered or cancellated appearance (Pl. XX, figs. 2 and 3); the nodes on the costz are
in some specimens more prominently connected concentrically than in the direction of the
radiating coste, thus producing distinct concentric ridges (Pl. XX, fig. 4); in nontypical
specimens the costz are weakly developed and there is a corresponding strong devclopment
of concentric growth lamelle; in adult specimens the coste, apparently without cxception,
become faint and disappear in the direction of the margin, there being an area bordering the
margin, varying in width, on which concentric imbricating lamelle form the only ornamentation
(Pl. XXI, fig. 2); extending from the beak to the posterior margin in a curve corresponding to
the spiral twist of the shell there is a more or less distinctly defined, shallow, depressed area
which broadens gradually in the direction of the margin (Pl. X-XJ, fig. 2); along the posterior
margin of this depression, which perhaps corresponds to the umbonal ridge in Exogyra costata
Say, the radiating coste repeatedly bifurcate, those in front of this margin extending down-
ward in the direction of the lower margin of the shell and those behind the margin extending
upward in a rather sharp curve to the upper posterior margin of the shell. Upper or right
valve operculiform, roughly ovate in outline and inclosed within the projecting margin of the
lower valve (Pl. XXI, fig. 1); usually distinctly concave on outer surface and convex on inner
surface; hinge and other internal characters essentially the same as in Hvogyra costata Say;
beak depressed, not prominent, with nearly flat spiral twist or coil; surface ornamented with
numerous concentrically arranged sharp-edged lamelle, separated by deep narrow depressions,
the lamellz being more prominent toward the outer margin of the shell, the mner, strongly
concave portion of the surface being nearly smooth (Pl. XXI, fig. 1); cost either absent or
but very faintly developed toward postero-dorsal margin.

Remarks.—This variety has not previously been differentiated from the typical form of the
species. However, it possesses a distinctive ornamentation, always recognizable, which cer-
tainly justifies its recognition as a variety; there is even a suggestion that the form developed
parallel to rather than from Exogyra costata Say, in which case it should, perhaps, be given
specific and not varietal rank.

Morton‘ has described an oyster from New Jersey which he called Ostrea torosa, the orna-
mentation of which, as figured, suggests that it may have been an imperfect or distorted specimen
of this variety. The specimen was later referred by Gabb? to Exogyra costata. Weller, in his
monograph on the Cretaceous paleontology of New Jersey, makes no mention whatever of the
specimen, and probably it was not preserved and was not available for examination when his
monograph was written.

1 Morton, S. G., Synopsis of the organic remains of the ferruginous sand formation of the United States: Am. Jour. Sci., Ist ser., vol. 24, 1833, p-
130, Pl. X, fig. 1; Synopsis of the organic remains of the Cretaceous group, 1834, p. 52, Pl. X, fig. 1.
2 Gabb, W. M., Synopsis of the Mollusca of the Cretaceous formation, 1861, p. 122.

54 SPECIES OF EXOGYRA FROM THE EASTERN GULF REGION AND THE CAROLINAS.

Geologic occurrence.—This variety makes its first appearance approximately coincident with
the initial appearance of the typical, strongly costate forms; that is, at the base of the zone of
Exogyra costata; it has not been found in association with typical specimens of Exogyra pon-
derosa Roemer. In the lowermost beds of its stratigraphie range, especially in Mississippi, it
appears to exceed in numbers the typical costate forms. In the successively higher beds it
appears to decrease in numbers, and it is absent, so far as known, from the upper 80 or 100 feet
of strata in Mississippi and western Alabama and probably from a somewhat greater thickness
in the Chattahoochee region.

In the Carolinas the form occurs in the Peedee sand, the known localities being near ane
base of that terrane; that is, near the base of the zone of leecoura costata.

Among the collections in the National Museum are specimens of this variety labeled as
follows:

U.S. Geol. Survey coll. 288c.—Cretaceous (Middle marl), near St. Georges, Del. Collector, J. B. Marcou. [2
specimens. |

U.S. Geol. Survey coll. 286.—Cretaceous. New Egypt, N.J. Collector, J. B. Marcou. [12 or more specimens. ]

U.S. Nat. Museum Cab. No. 21778.—New Jersey, part of O. N. Bryan collection, March 18, 1892.

The St. Georges specimens probably came from an exposure on or near the Chesapeake
and Delaware Canal. The specimens from New Egypt are associated with Cucullza antrosa
Morton, Exogyra costata Say (typical), Gryphza vesicularis Lamarck, Veniella conradi (Morton),
Cardium spillmani Conrad, and Belemnitella americana (Morton); the collection probably came
from a Monmouth horizon (possibly the Navesink marl of the Monmouth group) within several
miles north or northwest of New Egypt, Ocean County; for according to the geologic map of
New Jersey only strata of the Rancocas and Manasquan formations, from which no representa-
tives of Exogyra have been reported, outcrop in the immediate vicinity of New Egypt. The
collection has the aspect of a Navesink marl fauna.

In Arkansas the variety occurs abundantly in the Marlbrook marl.

In Texas the variety has been obtained from three localities, all of which are probably near
the base of the Navarro formation. The first locality is one-half mile north of Cooper, Delta
County (U.S. Geol. Survey colls. 4064 and 7509) and the second and third are 4 and 44 miles,
respectively, east of Crandall, Kaufman County (U.S. Geol. Survey coll. 7549).

Three typical specimens of this variety, brought from Mexico in 1906 by Dr. T. W. Stanton,
were given to him at San Luis Potosi and were said to have been collected from a locality (U.S.
Geol. Survey coll. 4129) near Ciudad del Maiz, State of San Luis Potosi.

Localities —In the eastern Gulf region the variety has been obtaimed from 27 localities,
detailed descriptions of which accompany the tables (pp. 24-25). Some of the more notable .
occurrences are the following:

U.S. Geol. Survey coll. 6418g—j.— Johnsons Hill, 4 miles north of Lumpkin on Lumpkin-Louvale road, Stewart
County, Ga. Ripley formation, Lxogyra costata zone.

U.S. Geol. Survey colls. 6413, 6414.—Cuts of Seaboard Air Line Railw: ay, one-quarter to 1} miles north of Renfroes,
Stewart County, Ga. Ripley formation, Exrogyra costata zone.

U.S. Geol. Survey colls. 6790, 6792.—Alabama River, Rocky Bluff, about 1 mile above Prairie Bluff, Wilcox
County, Ala. Ripley formation, within 80 to 100 feet of top of Cretaceous.

U.S. Geol. Survey coll. 6805.—Public road, 6 miles north of Livingston, Sumter County, Ala. Selma chalk,
Exogyra costata zone.

U.S. Geol. Survey coll. 6478.—Roadside exposure on Brane’s plantation, 24 miles south of Macon, Noxubee
County, Miss. Selma chalk, Exogyra costata zone.

U.S. Geol. Survey coll. 6840.—Exposure in public road, 3 miles northwest of Macon, Noxubee County, Miss.
Selma chalk, Exogyra costata zone.

U.S. Geol. Survey coll. 6862.—West Point-Cedar Bluff road, 1 mile east of Cedar Bluff near west end of bridge
over Line Creek, Clay County, Miss. Selma chalk, Exogyra costata zone.

U.S. Geol. Survey coll. 6472.—Gullies south of Troy-Shannon road, 3 miles east of Troy, in Lee County, Miss.
Selma chalk, Exogyra costata zone.

U.S. Geol. Survey coll. 6456.—Gullies near public road, 34 miles northwest of Booneville, Prentiss County, Miss.
Selma chalk near base of Exogyra costata zone.

U.S. Geol. Survey coll. 6459.—Bald Knob, Joseph Reynolds place, 3 miles west of Corinth, Alcorn County, Miss.
Selma chalk, toward base of Exogyra costata zone.

EXOGYRA COSTATA CANCELLATA.

U.S. Geol. Survey coll. 6879.—Cut of Southern Railway, 2$ miles west of Corinth, Alcorn County, Miss.

chalk, toward base of Exogyra costata zone.

5d

Selma

U.S. Geol. Survey coll. 6927.—Selmer-Adamsville road, 3 miles west of Adamsville, McNairy County, Tenn.

Impure phase of Selma chalk near base of Hxogyra costata zone.

Specimen No. 8358 of the State Natural History Museum, Springfield, Ill. Excavation for pier of Illinois Centra]

Railroad bridge near Cairo, Ill. Exogyra costata zone.

In North Carolina the variety has been obtained from the following four localities:

U.S. Geoi. Survey coll. 3353.—Kellys Cove Landing, Cape Fear River, 464 miles above Wilmington.

sand (toward base). .

U.S. Geol. Survey colls. 3450, 5370.—Indian Wells Landing, Cape Fear River, 41 milesabove Wilmington.

sand (toward base).

U.S. Geol. Survey colls. 3449, 5371. Black Rock Landing, Cape Fear River, 37 miles above Wilmington.

sand (toward base).

U.S. Geol. Survey coll. 5367.—Near Sparkleberry Landing, Black River, 39} miles above Wilmington.

sand (toward base).

Peedee

Peedee

Peedee

Peedee

Jediwardiay OIL

PLATE XIII.

ExoGyRA UPATOIENSIS sp. nov. (p. 46).

Figure |.—Specimen with both valves attached, from basal beds of the Eutaw formation, Broken Arrow Bend, Chat-
tahoochee River, 104 miles below Columbus, Ga. (U. 8. Geol. Survey coll. 5384). Shows ornamentation
of left or lower valve and scar of attachment to a univalve shell.

2.—Same specimen as preceding, showing right or upper valve.

3.—Left valve of a nearly complete specimen from basal beds of Eutaw formation, bluff of Upatoi Creek,
below bridge of Columbus-Cusseta road, 7 miles southeast of Columbus, in Chattahoochee County, Ga.
(U.S. Geol. Survey coll. 5317). Shows character of ornamentation toward apical portion; apex some-
what distorted by scar of attachment to a univalve shell.

4.—Large left valve from same locality as specimen shown in figure 1 (U. S. Geol. Survey coll.5384). Shows
a weaker development of cost than on preceding specimens, and scar of attachment to a bivalve shell.

ExoGyra ponDEROSA Roemer (p. 46).

Ficure 5.—Specimen with both valves attached, from the Tombigbee sand member of the Eutaw formation (Ezogyra
ponderosa zone, Mortoniceras subzone); bluff at Blufftown, Chattahoochee River, 314 miles below
Columbus, Ga. (U.S. Geol. Survey coll. 6405d). Shows development of small costee on apical portion
of shell. i
6.—Same specimen as preceding, showing absence of costz on all but apical portion.
7.—Another view of the same specimen. A small scar of attachment appears on the tip of the beak.

58

U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 81 PLATE XIII

EXOGYRA UPATOIENSIS AND EXOGYRA PONDEROSA ROEMER.

Jeb, OID

PIA ET XaVe

A ExoGyra PONDEROSA Roemer (p. 46). , x
: / j { ;
a Ponderous left or lower valve from the Tombigbee sand member of the Eutaw formation (Exogyra ponderosa zone,
j Mortoniceras subzone); Plymouth Bluff, Tombigbee River, 4 to 5 miles northwest of Columbus, Lowndes Co
: Miss, (U.S. Geol. Survey coll. 6451c). This specimen is devoid of costx.

,

60 ; . anil

U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 81 PLATE XIV

EXOGYRA PONDEROSA ROEMER.

PLATE XV.

ExoGyra PONDEROSA Roemer (p. 46).

Fiaure 1.—Left or lower valve from the Tombigbee sand member of the Eutaw formation (Zxogyra ponderosa zone,
Mortoniceras subzone); Plymouth Bluff, Chattahoochee River, 4 to 5 miles northwest of Columbus,

Lowndes County, Miss. (U. S. Geol. Sharan coll. 6918). Shows umbonal ridge well eovaltaact. i

2.—Right or upper valve of the preceding individual, showing surface characters. A
3.—Interior view of the specimen shown in figure 2 erence hinge, adductor scar, and other internal charac- _

ters.

. ExoGyrA PONDEROSA Var. ERRATICOSTATA var. nov. (p. 49).

Ficure 4.—Left valve from the base of the Selma chalk (Exogyra ponderosa zone, above the Mortoniceras subzone); ir
1 mile west of Cotton Gin Port, Monroe County, Miss. (U. S. Geol. Stay coll. 6888). Shows Bae i
ornamentation of this variety.

62

U. S, GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 81 PLATE XV

1
EXOGYRA PONDEROSA ROEMER AND EXOGYRA PONDEROSA VAR. ERRATICOSTATA VAR. NOV.

PATH ea ale

PLAVE XVI.

‘A, EXoGYRA PONDEROSA var. ERRATICOSTATA var. noy. (p. 49).

Fieure 1.—Left or lower valve from the base of the Selma chalk ( Zxogyra ponderosa zone, above the Mortonicer
zone); 1 mile west of Cotton Gin Port, Monroe County, Miss. (U. S. Geol. Survey coll. 6888).
rather weak development of the irregular costee, with fine costee well developed on the beak; th

F ; lar costze are well developed on the anterior portion of shell (which does not show in plate).

2.—Exterior view of right valve of the preceding individual.

Exocyra costata Say (p. 50).

t - Ne
Fieure 3.—Lelt valve from the Ripley formation (Exogyra costata zone); Johnsons Hill, 4 miles north of Lum
= , ; Stewart County, Ga. (U. S. Geol. Survey coll. 6418e). Shows the regular coste typically d

4.—Another view of the preceding specimen. : :

64

s *

U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 81 PLATE XVI

: at 1
EXOGYRA PONDEROSA VAR. ERRATICOSTATA VAR. NOV. AND EXOGYRA COSTATA SAY.

vhs

loves OW UL

105°—No. 81—14—_5

PLATE XVII.

Exoeyra costata Say (p. 50).

Fieure 1. Exterior view of right or upper valve from the Ripley formation (Hzxogyra costata zone); Johnsons Hill, 4
miles north of Lumpkin, Stewart County, Ga. (U.S. Geol. Survey coll. 6418c). Shows surface characters;
coste faintly developed.

2. Left valve from the Selma chalk (near base of Exogyra costata zone); ‘‘Bald Knob” on Joseph Reynolds
place, 3 miles west of Corinth, Alcorn County, Miss. (U. 8. Geol. Survey coll. 6459). Shows coarser, wider
cost than on typical specimens and a rather strong development of concentric growth projections, also a
very large scar of attachment.

66

PROFESSIONAL PAPER 81 PLATE XVII

U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

EXOGYRA COSTATA SAY.

JAGAN De VOD

PLATE XVIII.

Exocyra costata Say (p. 50).
‘ i

Ponderous left valve from the Selma chalk (Bxogyra costata zone); 6 miles north of Scooba, on Wahalak-Binn: v }
road, westward-facing slope of Wahalak Creek valley, Kemper County, Miss. (U. 8. Geol. Survey coll. 6480d)
Shows the absence or faint development of costze toward the margin of a large overgrown specimen.

68

PLATE XVIII

PROFESSIONAL PAPER 81

U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

EXOGYRA COSTATA SAY.

EASES XGexe.

PLATE XIX.

ExoGyra costata Say (p. 50).

Ficure |. Left valve from the Peedee sand; Robinsons Landing, Cape Fear River, 50 miles above Wilmington in
Bladen County, N. C. (U.S. Geol. Survey coll. 3356). Shows extreme development of concentric lamelle.

2. Interior view of same specimen showing hinge, adductor scar, and other internal characters.

3. Left valve from tongue of Selma chalk at top of Cretaceous (Ezogyra costata zone, Liopistha protexta sub-
zone); Old Canton Landing, Alabama River, Wilcox County, Ala. (U.S. Geol. Survey coll. 6439). Shows
narrow costz characteristic of specimens from this subzone.

4. Left valve from the Ripley formation (Lzogyra costata zone, approximately the Liopistha protertasubzone);
Owl Creek, 3 miles northeast of Ripley, Tippah County, Miss. (U. S. Geol. Survey coll. 6464). This
specimen also illustrates the narrow costze characteristic of specimens from the Liopistha protexta subzone.

70

PROFESSIONAL PAPER 81 PLATE XIx

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

EXOGYRA COSTATA SAY.

Hey Neat XOXe

PLATE XX.

Exoeyra costata Say (p. 50).

Fieure 1. Specimen with valves attached, from the Ripley formation (Zxogyra costata zone); Chattahoochee River,
opposite the mouth of Burstahatchee Creek, 5} miles above Eufaula, Ala. (U.S. Geol. Survey coll. 6398).
Shows right or upper valve with coste more strongly developed than normal, and coste toward apical

portion of left valve.
ExoGyRA COSTATA var. CANCELLATA var. nov. (p. 53).

Figure 2. Left or lower valve from the Selma chalk (Exogyra costata zone); West Point-Cedar Bluff road, 1 mile east
of Cedar Bluff, near west end of bridge over Line Creek, Clay County, Miss. (U. 8. Geol. Survey coll.

6862). Shows characteristic ornamentation of surface.

3. Left valve from impure phase of the Selma chalk (toward base of Exogyra costata zone); cut of Southern
Railway 2} miles west of Corinth, Alcorn County, Miss. (U. 8. Geol. Survey coll. 6879). Shows character
of ornamentation on apical portion of shell.

4. Left valve from the Selma chalk (2zogyra costata zone); exposure in public road, 3 miles northwest of
Macon, Noxubee County, Miss. (U. 8. Geol. Survey coll. 6840). Shows extreme development of con-
centric ridges.

72

U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY - PROFESSIONAL PAPER 81 PLATE XxX

EXOGYRA COSTATA SAY AND EXOGYRA COSTATA VAR. CANCELLATA
VAR. NOV.

PLATE. xox

PLATE XXII.

ExoGyYRa COSTATA Var. CANCELLATA var. nov. (p. 53).

Fieure 1.—Right or upper valve from the Selma chalk (EZvogyra costata zone); gullies near public road 34 miles
northwest of Booneville, Prentiss County, Miss. (U. S. Geol. Survey coll. 6456). Shows the surface
characters of this valve.

2.—Left valve from impure phase of Selma chalk (Hxrogyra costata zone); Selmer-Adamsville road, 3 miles
west of Adamsville, McNairy County, Tenn. (U.S. Geol. Surv. coll. 6927). Shows absence of radiating
coste toward margin of a large specimen, and depressed area extending from back to lower posterior
margin.

7A

U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 81 PLATE XXI

EXOGYRA COSTATA VAR, CANCELLATAVAR. NOV.

INDEX.

A. Page
Acknowledgments to those aiding.................-..-.-.--.----- 7
Acteon linteus (Conrad).....-.-.-- 24, 36
Enona eufalensis Conrad... -- - -
Anatimya anteradiata Conrad ...........--.--.-----------0-0----
postsulcatal (Conrad) petese esac ee see eee emce maps 24,35
‘Amchuraabrupta, Conrad ase sae ems eset cee cise staeee ees 24, 35, 38
decemliratay(Conrad)js sees cesses eeceeriien ese 24, 35
Tostratal((Gabb) ssc ses aerate ieee eet or eesrenet etapa erent 24,35
Andromeda noveceesarez Hollick..................--.-.---------- 33
Anomia argentaria Morton. .- 24, 27, 29, 30,35
linifera|Conrad@eeneceeecee eect een ease cna eee ears 24,35
lintea\ Conrad aemeeceeeeence eect eres ere ecice sac 24, 27,30, 35
ormata, Gabbe meccseer eee eeeisenise ae eee a eee eee 24,35, 37
SYN OV aca dtdonsquadsseosscsasdesesapagsesccosudss 24, 25, 27, 29,30, 35
*Aphrodinayregia, Conradss-eaercee asec sacs asset eee eae 24, 28,30
tippanai (Conrad) erect eerste eee Cee coe sis eee sista ee eae 24, 35
‘Arcarrostellatay Morton sees se nena elon ce eee se enide ee eee ere 24,34

Arena carolinensis Conrad-- 24, 28, 29
Araucaria bladenensis Berry - ¢ 33
jefireyAvBerrype eee ee soe cece cee erstelete eit eee ee 33

Baculites anceps Lamarck. ... 24, 28, 29, 32

asper Morton.......-- 24, 28, 29, 30, 32
carina tuspMortons-ssenee erase ener eee eee eee ee aeons 24, 36, 37
columnay Morton eercemsere nsec fea ree eeiact eae peiser cece 24, 36, 37
labyrinthicusyMortomeseee eee se eeccer eta nee etre 24, 36,37
Lip paensis! Conrad ten sass eae os eee 24, 36, 37
Barbatiailintea\ Conrad = acee-n ae eeeciee ee cease Bear 24, 27, 29, 30
Barodajcarolinensis| Conrad: oa. es ejay e ise see set) Seisie le = 24, 28, 30
SDSNlOVAeeeee eee eacr= --. 24,25

Bauhiniatsp N10 yesseesie eee ee meet ee nese eas racers erie 39
Belemnitella americana Morton. - - 24, 36, 37, 38, 54
‘Berry; Hawi, acknowledgmentsitOres css sci telsisicsiceeeis senses 7
(017-0 ase S aan SER EBS SHE See ACU e a NeMet Sad ot Seater eee peat 26, 33
Breviarcacuneatay (Gab) sass ee seers. see eae er eee reer 24, 34, 37
um bonatal(Conrad) Seetenssreee seen eee nae eeeee 24, 27, 29
Bulla macrostoma Gabb- .... 24,36, 38
mortoni Forbes. ----- --. 24,36, 37,38
Bullopsisicretacea\Conradeesaceee ee pee eecee a eeeeeeee eee eres 24,36

Cadulus obnutus (Conrad) ... 24,28, 29,35

Cape Fear formation, correlation with...............-..-2-....-- 10-11
Cardium alabamense Gabb......-......--.----.------------ 24, 28, 29, 35
dumosum: Conrad mes ssesete ese eine see eerie 24, 28, 30,35
enfaulense| Conrad’ e222 pee see eee eeeciee se eeee 24, 28, 29, 30, 35, 37
Pctimme Lavy (eller stir pee ore esee rete eee eee sect eei een sari 24, 35,38
spillmani Conrad. - 24, 28, 29, 30,35, 54
tippanum Conrad........- =. 24,35
Carolinas, Cretaceous fossils in - 31, 37-38
Cassidulusiconoideus! Clarks 2a) seecc- cess oceecine een oe 24, 34,37
IN CELINE GUS SL OGUT eee eee atsisis arate ele teats ae ere ere 24,34
MICTOCOCCUS Gab Dsseer eee see eee eee neon ee eee eeneee 24,34
porrectus| Clarkes Stee pence nse ee Soe oe eee eee 24, 34,37
subconicus Clark. - -. 24,34, 37
subquadratus Conrad .....-.-.-- - 24,27, 29,34
Clark, W. B., acknowledgments to....-.. ois 7
Clark, W. B., and Bibbins, Arthur, cited ll
Coffee sand member, character of 21
laminated sands and clays of, plate showing. .................. 13
‘originiofithe term soni. ascents oon a eter ee 14-15
Coptosoma;mortonii(D enWoriol) Sees - = sere eee e -ee eee 24,34
CoraxsfalcatusrAgassizeesee peer eee eee cee cee ence nena --- 27,32,38
Corbula carolinensis Conrad. -- 24,25, 28, 29,30
erassiplica Gabb........-.---- .- 24,28, 29, 30, 35
Crassatellites carolinensis Conrad. . .- 24, 28, 29, 30,31
etifalensis! GabDatsce sere meee eee ee atone ceeeecee 24,35

Page
Crassatellites pteropsis'\Conrad)--. 2-222. -----2<c------+en-----2--> 24,35
ripleyana Conrad........... 24,39
SP 2MOVeroneceee. 24, 28, 30,35
vadosa Morton................. -- 24,35,37
Crenella elegantula Meek and Hayden.....................-.-...- 24,35
Serica Conradisseen cca: ony c a tesnanee samcl.enicietostanel\s = - 24,35
Cretaceous; origin ofithetermijae eee snes eeeereeret rere tees sca. 11
Cretaceous formations, extreme uppermost, newly introduced
Species ini S52 Lio. Se os aa eee er eee eee eck 37
lithologic variations and age relationships of, diagram show-
IN Bae Re A eee eee elect a ere eee SU SOE - 20
of the eastern Gulf region, geologic map of..-.-.....-.-.. In pocket.
Cretaceous, Lower, clay, unconformable contact of, with basal
sands of the Eutaw formation, plate showing... .__._- 10
Lower, formations, classification of.........-....-.-.--.------ 20
formations; (correlations|Ofsecestae2ees sec ees seeeeeee: 10-11

sands and clays overlain unconformably by Pleistocene
terrace gravels, sands, and sandy loams, plate showing 10

Upper, formations, classification of... ..- 5 +2. 20-22
formations, correlations of -.. .-- 11-19
Cucullealantrosa; Morton <2 2-4. . soos seine ce eee eee 24,34, 54
carolinensis|(Gabb) amass sseciess eee eee em sers 24, 27, 29,30
hittleli (Gabb) i ey jsseoscoss cafe ese cee sete sees ae ee 24, 34,37,38
syll saris! Montomieen sce ciara eee Aeon aE aera eee 24,34, 37
Cunninghamites elegans (Corda) Endlicher_.....-.-...........--- 33
CuspidariajjerseyensisWeller:-. 2! sees eeee cece aaeee ce 24, 35, 3&
ventricosa Meek and Hayden. . Se Py Es)
Cusseta sand member, character of. ............-------.---------- 22
overlain by typical marine beds of the Ripley formation, plate
SHO WAN BE Sets aw slate ake ae ee eee CS eee EOE 19
Cy clothymrisialtaiConradies se same an ee eee ee eee 24, 28, 29,30
CylichnarectatGabbeecence so. secs see ece eee eens sae en cena 24,36
Cymbophora lintea (Conrad)..........-.-.-.-..------ 24, 25, 28, 29, 30,35
CymellaibellaiConrade asx. atce sesso temesee mace eee 24, 27, 29, 30,35
Cyprimeriaalta; Conrad ys. se 0 bec cae c eee meee teens eee 24, 28, 30,35
densata (Conrad).- - 24, 28,30,35
depressaiConrad eas) sass eee een eeeeeeeenees 24, 25, 28, 29, 30, 35
D.
Daphnellaylinteat Conrad sec cesar eee eee ee a 24,36
subfilosaiConrad/i: jo) 222s. U2 eek emcees eeenisee eee ee 24,36
Delphinulanlapidosa) Mortons): 47) se see eeeeeineeeeiee | =e 24, 35,37
Dentalium ripleyanum Gabbs_2- 2222522) ces aan sece en 3 , 29, 30,35
GS TON Bec cetior Foo ORS OR ORB eSECORB Ab oaodsos HSS esa etiSe 24, 28, 29,35
Dianchora echinata Morton. ---..-- 24,35,38
Doryanthophyllum cretaceum Berry - - 33
Dreissensia tippana Conrad... .--. ee 24535
Drilliamoyemliratas (Conrad) - sao. se aan ceeee sees eee ee 24,35
DTV OPtOLisiSp sD CLLYjs esse nen eee eee ee eee Jaskoostcassooese 33
E.
Hnchodusiferox Weidy;- 2152/2 3 a2 secs ee eee a eee ces 38
(DEtLOSUS | C Ope tae eea ess asian ean eee eee en nee as 32,38
Eriphyla conradi (Whitfield) 24; 3 31
Etea carolinensis Conrad 1S
Eucalyptus angusta Velenovsky 33
Eutaw formation, basal beds of, invertebrates in_- -.. 25-26
basal marine beds of, plate showing. .-........-.....--------- 14
basal sands of, unconformable contact of, with Lower Creta-
Ceousiclay,;plate| Showin eee we senescence cee 10
beds of the Tombigbee sand member of, plates showing. ---.- 13,14
CHATACTOR Of eames soe ae see See eee eee are cee 20-21
classificatiomofsenecs ce essence eee nee ee eosin eas
GVEA Misi 54 snes oguognoEoanodauaSeseoseBSSoES
laminated sands and clays of, plates showing.
[OLN TN se dodasoboodaRqucnsencsoonanAae :
VELLO DIA tes iN ee ee crtaasteeie nes ieee ents ns ak Sa ees

76 INDEX.
Page. Page.
Exogyra, definition of. 41-42 | Gyrodes abyssina (Morton)... - 24, 28, 29,35
geologic range of eine 42) crenata Conrad........ 24, 28, 29, 30,35
ranges of, diagram: SHOWING sess ene e sees see ce ee eee 44 Petrosa: (Morton) 25.252 Sone ecco See ee eee 24, 35,37
weathered from Selma chalk, plate showing... .-...--.------- 20
Exogyra costata Say, description of .........-....-------2+---+--- 51 H.
eolopicroccurrenceOler anon enet eee nee eee eects ae 51-52 | Hamburg beds, correlation with.......-........-.-..-----2-----e5 10-11
localities of. Bete Hamites sp. nov
(GCCUITENcolofaee eee eeiiaae = eee saa 17, 18, 19, 31, 34, 35, 37, 38,5 torquatus Morton
- plates showing. -- 64, 66, 68, 70, Hamulus major Gabb. 2A, -7, 29,30
ADL O OL Sete eee eee seit cise ccse neem aces Seite coe 24, 44,45 onyx Morton.....- . 24, 27, 29,30, 34
Exogyra costata var. cancellata var. nov., description of - - e 53 squamosus Gabb....-- - 24, 27, 29, 30,34
PEOLOZIGOCCUTTENCE Ole i fel setereiate em ola miele meine el ciel 54 | Hemiaster lacunosus Slocum
The HRS Gt seecdbocses nH Hee anacosoersnkooner Siseeebecence seus 5495 ‘parastatus) (Morton) sep aesee eee ee eae
occurrence of. ungula (Morton) -- -.
plate showing 72, (4, || Hemiptychodus mortoni Mantellys-- 2 ees ne ee ee 32,33
proposal of name 43 | Hilgard, E. W., cited 12
PONTO Ol Sasaocdemccuanssooaceradecod sens 24, 44,45 classification’ by! =! 3:52 es Pee oe ee 12
Exogyra costata zone, extent and position of I
fossils in ‘
plants in Inoceramus argenteus Conrad - -
vertebrates in Ischyrhiza mira Leidy.-........
Exogyra ponderosa Roemer, description of ..............-------- 4647 | Isocardia cliffwoodensis Weller. .......-.....-..----------- 24, 28, 30,31
SCOOP IGIOCCUITONCO Ol cemisct name cep em anne men ian ee 4448 Ta
IMENTESO Ra ssodacnesscccs bank AasasenAdecsdasdacpecses ---- 48-49
occurrence of. -- 29, 30,31,32 | Johnson, L. C., and Smith, E. A., classification by..............- 12
plates showing - be 58,60,62 | Johnson, L. C., Smith, E. A., and Langdon, D. W., jr., cited..... 15,16
ATIC (0 leer el sata oa alata elasal= ine moe ie 24, 43-44, 45 1b
Exogyra ponderosa var. erraticostata var. nov., description of... 49'\| TTamna-texana Roemer! ..+.0.2% 2) soos 27,32, 38
geologic occurrence Of. .....---------+--+--+-++++022-22- 2222+ 49-50 | Langdon, D. W., jr., Smith, E. A., and Johnson, L. C., cited..... 15,16
Inert HATES OC soqeeeoesen soba sasenbossuese hessnscosoass 50} Taurns Sp. sesosc heer scoeke ote ced das oe oo Te ca ee 39
CTC a a ISG ESCH 19, 27,29, 30,31 | Laxispira lumbricalis Gabb........ Pees OB
plates showing.....-..-----------++-++++++++ ++ 2eeee reese eee Leda longifrons Conrad...........-- : - 2, 27, 29, 30, 34
proposal of name...-...-.--.+---.2--222 2-2-2 2eeeec eee eteees pinnaforma Gabb. -..- 24,27, 30,34
range of : profexta. Gabb-.si:.0.sis:.:5:-c2 see ee eee 24, 27,30, 34
Exogyra ponderosa zone, correlation of... Legumen planulatum (Conrad)..........--------------- 24, 28, 29, 30,35
CRRA cate eT ES Sasescceso soc Leposolen biplicata (Conrad).............-.+222--.+5- 24, 25, 28, 29, 30, 35
LOSING 5 eae oe GEO 259505 25a e eae reuse 27-28 | Lima acutilineata (Conrad).............-.+--.+e--2e-teeeee2-+ 24, 35,38
plants in...-.----.---+.-- iS Scat See apna soa eatoSDSS=Sacse 33 pelagica | (Morton) /s..-<---<--s.2+-t ses snseee een sees 24, 27, 29, 35
subzone of, above Mortoniceras subzone, fossils in..-.-.....-- 30-31 reticulata Worbes: nc. : -c-.-c onc oeseeee eee 24, 27, 29, 30,35
vertebrates in.....-..-.-------+2--- 22-2222 e- 222-2 ee eee eee 32-33 SpsNlove Seeks cleo ewe 24,35
Exogyra upatoiensis sp. nov., description of..........-....----.- 42,46 | Linearia metastriata Conrad. - }
occurrence Of... -...-...---+---+-2+2+2eeeeeees este reese este eee 25 | ornatissima Weller-.....-
plate showing -. | sp. nov.
FRET OGG eae Tinthia variabilis Slocum. -<.-s.----2-s-ss02- ese eee 24,34
F | Liopeplum canalis (Conrad)......-.-.-.----------------+++----+25 24,35
? cretacea’ (Conrad); | ..--.¢ fc 2-222 -c22> .qnonceee ou See eee 24,35
Faunal zones and subzones, discrimination of -. liodermum (Conrad). ...-.----------+-++-++++++++++2++2s2-+2- 24,39
generalized section showing...-..-...-.-- subjugosum (Gabb).--.------------++-+++++++22-+2222eeseesee 24,35
Fern, not determinable | Liopistha alternata Weller. 24, 27, 29,30, 31
IRICUSIGD INOW G Sees os cals. ee ken nnne So se eee eee | protexta Conrad. - ---- 24,35,37,38
Fossils, Cretaceous, areas of collections of, map showing-...-...-- | SD ow ann nninemmnle = rane min 24, 27,29
Cretaceous, localities of......-----cceeceeeeeeeccecceceeenecece 23 Liopistha protexta subzone, extent and position of..-....-------- 23
range of, Chattahoochee River and Georgia, table showing. 24
east of Mississippi River, table showing............-- 24 Lithophaga ripleyana Gabb...-..--.--.------++--+-+-++--+--+--+- 24,35
in east-central Mississippi, table showing............- 24 | Lucina glebula Conrad.....-....-----------++++++2++++++++- 24, 28, 29,30
in northern Mississippi, tables showing............--- 24 | Lunatia obliquata Meek and Hayden. -.........-.----- « 24,28, 29, 30,39
in region of Alabama River, Ala., table showing. . - 24 M.
in region of Chunnenugga Ridge, Ala., table s entsninee x 24 ee A et on =
in region of Warrior and Tombigbee rivers, Ala., | McNairy sand member, beds of, plate showing. --......-------.-- 17
baile sSho Wines eo ees ae ee ee nee one ae 24 | Character Ol ean eon ene eer car amc
in western Tennessee, table showing. .....-.--..-..-. 24 distribution Gliss
USUSOlMesIAN US) GADD ook icave amc clawin wets sisal» seeeian saeeieiats 24,35 one of aaa” _
MOVENRUTAUES CODTAC .-iainin owe we = cian een nna vena eine 24,35 AGEL eee :
IETS RS ORIEL easebemcbcossng) saad Saee ae ososgacassesct: AEISE Monocotyledon gen. et sp. NOV.......--.-----.------------------- 33
G: Morea cancellaria Conrad. 22225 siie.sccce soc eee 24,35
. Morton,§.\G., correlation (Dyeoce. ceric apne ee eee eer il
= eae St Mortoniceras delawarense (Morton)...........--.-.-------------- 30,32
Gastrochz texanum (Roemer) var. -...---- 24, 28, 29, 30,32
Gervilliopsis SISO mis (C eee cn oe eee as 24,27 Mortoniceras subzone, extent Of. ...-.-/..--- 2-22-22 202ecoro ee 23, 28-29
sp. Nov. ery ea Sh ao er ie fossils in. - «.-----2+--22-2s222ee 2+ noeter reer ntaaeraanencance 23-30
Gidley, J. W. Racicriow edemmente TR Rn ee 7 Position Of - nna alee eon ea ae ae a 2
Gilmore, C. W., acknowledgments to. |
Glycymeris subaustralis (D’ Orbigny) | Nautilus dekayi Morton. 24,36, 37,38
Gryphea aucella Roemer: .... | SPLM0Va2 ena gee 2A, 28, 29
Sp- Nemodon brevifrons Conrad 24, 27, 30,34
vesicularis Lamarck....... | eufdlensis (Gabb) - <.22--2-<-2-scs-een ose s eee eee eee 24,34
vomer (Morton). SP. NOV. ~ <c=cose<sen-n- 2 seo ee ee 24, 27, 29,30

INDEX. ; UE

Page.
New Jersey, Cretaceous fossils in. . BUN IORCEEEE 31-82, 28 |
Nomenclature, readjustment of. .--- 13-14
Nuculatcunelifrons|Conradsererecereseereseese ree ser etree ie nett 24,34
eufalensis!Gabbreee screener cae sence ee eeleins ae 1 24, 27, 29,34
percrassa\ Conrad Secs se ehe aes neces ai =I 24, 25, 27, 29, 30, 34
SD eee te Rae ee eer T Nenu eleiea RASS NTS Pork 24, 27, 29, 30
oO.
Object of the work on Cretaceous deposits. .........----.--------- 9-10
OstrearcretaceaiM ortonmerr ssa arene eee ete cine eiars ital 24, 25, 27, 29
Giluiviamaeinn seus sesso essences t= aie cee sreiaet inet 24, 27, 29,32
larva Lamarck....-. .. 24,27, 30,34
panda Morton... - 24, 27,29, 30,34
peculiaris Conall Rhy fate iat Me eae aie: me laye Vey Pate 24,34
lumosaiMorton eee eee seis eae ase coe see 24, 27, 29,30, 34
Pisdousodonsacavecauounoesenuespecacessnonscuuessqusbasopocss 24, 25
GOST bao asaaabnesenddepnogaer os bancesSeRscHsase 24, 25, 27, 29, 30, 34
SUbSpatulata Morbesee casa ree eee er ees i aire ee 24, 34,38
tecticosta Gabb . 24, 27, 29, 30, 34
Otodus/appendiculatus|A\gassiz 2.2 sss5- + 222s eee ness ee ences 27,32
‘Pt
sRanopea;decisa Conrad aan sas ee eee ce sinceiian ele eels 24, 28, 30, 35
iParanomia;sca bra (MOorton))e ene eee eee ees eee =e 24, 27, 30,35
Pecten argillensis Conrad -.. 24, 27, 29, 30, 35
burlingtonensis Gabb- 24, 27, 29, 30
Conradit((Wihitfield) se sece cee meee narra ee eee nee er 24,35
Parvyus| GWihitheld) Pesenssecseseete cee ee ee eee eee 24,35
quinquecostatus Sowerby.....-.-.-.-.-:------+---:- 24, 27, 29, 30,35
quinquenarius|Conrad ere teces eee seer eecee eee esos 24, 27,30, 35
Sim plicius|Conradeesecsestere sere cert cnt ease eee 24, 27, 29, 30, 35
Seb WON faoostascsebocvapadcsnsesupaSateeHasseapoeeaaeHes 24, 25, 27, 29
henuitestus! GabDeerseeeece= eee cece eee © 24,35
venustus Morton........- - 24, 35,37, 38
Periplomya applicata Conrad -...-. --- 24,35
Perissolax octolirata (Conrad): 2-2. .9- 22-222 --2 22 ees sees 24,35, 37
TEMS Ob WO) soosne no scodoSdnEcauasooEe eeu Saoasaboneabesas 24, 25, 27, 29
sPerrisonota provexta Conrad sarc ascie ee =e cece tases 24, 27, 29,34
iPholadomyalittlei: Gabbsssnse ees scenes e see ae eee 24,35, 38
OCCIG entalisyMOnLOn ser snes eme ee cei err et see eee 24,35
S95 /oooseccasecsrdaanp aarp esedcmocnodancaoacnrssdoasnDdsos 24, 25
pRholascitharayM Ontoriee sates se ceenee ae a eta ee eee 24,35
Pinna laqueata Conrad........... Seon 24,34
Placenticeras guadalupz (Roemer). as 24, 28, 29, 32
planum Hyatt ..-....-.-...-. - 24, 28, 29,32
GtboadSoaccepocqd sce cndcqnupencesaedoanpisansgonraensosusgbensS 24, 25
syrtalesvar. halel My atuos ss. es nsec nec eset sp eee eee 32
(blatanus|Spynovesseceecte ean Sse else eee oe eee eee aes 39
Pleistocene terrace gravels, sands, and sandy loams overlying
Lower Cretaceous sands and clays, plate showing. ... 10

Pleurotoma laqueata (Conrad)

melanopsis (Conrad).....-- E
Plicatula sp. nov. - 24,35, 37
urticosal (Morton) Paseese crise eee eer ace ee erences 24,35, 37,38
Polydectes biturgidus Cope :
sProtocargiumSp-\NOV-* eesti ene eee aeons eee ate eee eee
Providence sand member, beds of, plate showing. .......-........ 19
GIGnEO GEO) oo aas-cosccauEundbesecobea scr Sososasoakeaauddodses 22,
Pteria petrosa (Conrad). .-....- 3
Pterocerella tippana (Conrad)
PtychodusimartinijWilliston! -- 222.5245.) -222-- deen. sees
Puenellusidensatus}|Conradease-.sscms= eee eet e ae eeeeeeae
ulvinitesjargentes|Conrade es ee-seeec eee eee eee ee
Pyrifusus bellaliratus (Comrad)_...-.......---------.2222.seeeees 24,35
Subdensatus | Conrad tscaeep errs seiaec nt omnia mela eee eee 24,35
Pyropsisjperlata; Conrad mereka n = ieee ee enero ree 24,35
R.
Radiolites austinensis Roemer.................-..-..--- 24, 28, 29, 30, 32
Seb O\/oeScemessasereeorsopc ht caseseasEseesesopacsuededsuduce 24
Rapana stantoni Weller... - - 24,35
Rhizocrinus alabamensis De oriole 24,34
Ringicula pulchella Shumard. eee. 2. nce eee eee ene 24,36
Ripley formation, beds of McNairy sand member of, plate showing. 17
beds of Providence sand member of, plate showing. ..--...... 19
(charactenolseeeresceree cer cetera easeccee seer cee canoer 21-22
classic fossil locality of, plate showing...........-.--.--.---.- 17

Page.
Ripley formation, Cusseta sand member of, overlain by typical
marinesbeds\of,plate!showine --- = 22223. se -2 ce eee ee ee 19
Gistribution\ ofeeeetteret ce se mastic cles sarin est eee ech a eemtne 17-19
marineipedsiof,plate|shOwing 222 ese. oh es sec ete nee o ae 18,19
Ss.

SalixietitawensSisub erny sear ce once eo nee ete Sema aise ceo oe eee 21,26

Bi) SeassduqneendcbacdasoonAsanauenaa non aboonedhaacpAaEBatness 3

Sa pind Us|Sp wesc sees ee eae ae ays es iene oe 3!
SayseLhomastel ted meyer cn eee cetera eee ete ene ee sisistecnca ae 41
Scalajsillimani\(Morton)=eeeeesese eases es eeee aes ee 24, 35,37
Scambula-perplanaiConrad!-2- fess es ce senate een 24, 28, 30,35
Scaphitesiconradii (Morton) sees eer ree ecrinne se eee -e 24, 36,37
Schizodesma appressa Gabb..........--.-- 24, 28, 29,30, 35
Scope of the work on Cretaceous deposits. ..........-------------- 9-10
Selma chalk, character and distribution of.....-.--...-.-.---- 15-16, 21
depositionlofes settee sheers ete re ee eer eee cent a aeiaa 16-17
WxXOgyrairom yplate|Showin esse sees eee elses eee re 20
typical exposures of, plate showing. .........----------------- 16
Serpulaibarbata; Mortons coer csecees sees ceeeeeiee = eee sere 24,34
cretacea(Conrad) pllsenera esc ee eye oom ee erates eerste 24, 27,30, 34
S iapooncodoneusoboGuO Seb uecdascerbaspae=cemcarabSancaq 24, 27, 29,34
Sloan, Earle, acknowledgments to 7
Smith, E. A., acknowledgments to ul
Smith, E. A., and Johnson, L. C., classification ne 12

Smith, E. A., Langdon, D. W., jr., and Johnson, L. C., cited..-. 15,16

Spherella concentrica Conrad..:..........--.-------------+------- 24,35
Sphenodiscus lenticularis (Owen)........-.------------------- 24, 36,38

pleuriseptai (Conrad) es. 2: = sec eme eee ie eee ee ee 24,36
Stanton, T. W., acknowledgments to......--...-.--.------------ 7
Strepsidura interrupta (Conrad).......-..----------------------- 24,35
Surficial deposits, character of.......-.----..-:-2----.-+---------- 22

Als

Meneapinguis|(Conrad)) = oes sce ee seca cine eee ol 24, 28, 29,35
Texas, Cretaceous fossils in.............------------ Sa ee So fheGr re 32,38
Terebratulina tilosa\ Conrad esse ece soe eee eee eee eae 24,34

floridana (Morton) -.....---- 24, 34,37
Thecachampsa rugosa Emmons. ...--- 33

Tombigbee sand member, character of
classification of.

typical beds of, plate showing... ...---..----------+---------- 13,14
Trichoptropis cancellaria Conrad ........-...---.----------------- 24,35
Trigonia angulicostata Gabb..---..---.--------------+----------- ae 35

EtiislensishG ab Deseret crates aie eters ncclat= eatemretesererecrarate 24,

ROS OAS Se Shon dodpeocneepooSEeuTEaaoneaneSEssacdoosEasonae 2:
thoracica Morton......-..-----
Trigonoarca maconensis (Conrad). . -
SDMNOV EI setae cessor seer
Tuomey, M., classification by
Turritella quadrilira Johnson. -

SPYDO sree cee se na slals cele clalem slate wats elo niefole fotolia alam 24,35, 37
tippana, Conrad. <2: -.. 2222-222 22 2 =e 24,35
striliray Conra diem asec a sje (clos setae nts aera 24, 28, 29, 30,35
vertebroides Morton. -....----.------------------------ 24,35,37,38
Turrilites alternatus Tuomey- . --- cyte oA S36,
Tuscaloosa formation, character of. - ~ 7 oo
classification of.......---.----- - 1213
extent of. . 14
plate|sShOWiNg ooo. oe see wenine = sna ies eimeiem= ==—— = 12

V.
Veatch, Otto, acknowledgments to..........--..------------- ose 7
Veniella conradi (Morton). .......----.--------------- 24, 28, 29, 30, 35, 54
Vetericardia crenalirata (Conrad). -.......-...-.----------- 24, 28, 29,35
Volutomorpha dumasensis Dall.............-...--.-------------- 24,35
eufalensis (Conrad)........------------- SSpUCS DSSS LS oS CE IOROESS 24,35

W.

Weller, Stuart, acknowledgments to- - ............--------------- 7
Winchell, Alexander, classification by. . ..........-...-)--------- 12
Xx.

Xenophora leprosa (Morton). ......+.-.-.------------------ 24,35, 37,38

US GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
GEORGE OTIS SMITH, DIRECTOR

PROFESSIONAL PAPER BI PLATE IX

a1"

LEGEND

Ripley
formation

| Eutaw
formation

UPPER CRETACEOUS

LOWER
CRETACEOUS

[9 Liopistha protexta subzone

| | Lower limit of range of typical Ezogyra costata
—

——+ and upper limit of range of typical Exogyra

(=dividing line between Exogyra ponderosa zone and Exogy/ra costata zone)

= Mortoniceras subzone

ase P----4 Lower limit of range of Exogyra ponderosa

MAP SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE LITHOLOGIC DIVISIONS OF THE EASTERN GULF CRETACEOUS DEPOSITS AND THEIR AGE EQUIVALENCIES
The boundaries of the divisions have been compiled in part from the published maps of previous investigators and in part from the field notes of the author

By L. W. Stephenson

Senle Fpoanoo

50 75 100 Miles
— = =}
1914

26 o
=

¥ int Aws tee,

ay
aa dt
su

wa

Sa
Fen:

AAT on
4 a

4

ts Oh

pag Minow hae

be 3

oedy

bs

, -
ieee

Pace ks

i" gan

i
Panes

aA
Jie)
Ty

Ca
Veer tures

=

a

i ;
vig
NAC Silane
Myr asin Sh
ree el

f y irae |
ou eh

Ban Nt
Vici ed
+x

Mah
Wh

Reais | lon oan (en, os Se 2 we PS Pe Nee Be
aA SRA ARRAN. *) AAR ee INA NARI AE
AARAAAAAS AVN VV NA NAAN aA AA, \2- ~r
A Aan Aol PPAR AAA ARN AA AARAA ay
‘PAR a ABA ARABREeeeaen' IN ry AVN oA. WWe AV

wy AAAAAA RAR AAA AAA AAR AA AA ay
I ar val VARAARARARO AY BARRA
VAAAAAR 2 aAAR AAA AACE OOOO an

\ >) (a3 <. <= WN font i N gS oom = } ; \
WA | | A AAAAR Aap Mie \- A ARRAY AS
UN oe = A De NVA AAR 2 AY Aiea N\A ?

| aa ARRAY AAR Ale eee Araa\)\\\ \-

RAN AR AAR ARRAAAAR ANAS ARa aaa {ARRAN AY
Ra A ADI ABA 7. Yam On YO | ce | ce NaN: A eS WAV AAW kk
ARAL Arh Raridnaaen chr es bibonrc le haaaccanARAc
RRAAEE AAR ABE 2 AA RRAR ACR Aaa AAA Naa gel 1%.

pp» £ ~~ NANA “~~ “AR AAn A Na ~~ fe a AA AAAR AA, } \ . Vis om
a AARARAAARRGeRAanme 2 AWA ALRAACAAAAARE ae
999999404 ORR AANAR CARR aan
i An sana : va ARAAAR AANA at NY NY ae
A\A WAIAIAVAIANS AA ADARFPRAAAAIA, 'AARACE s AN AA Vai AAA (An
ANA ~ SBN Ae bh IW NAR AAC ARANAAA AAA aA
Vn Poe Arann Ba Ay a) | \ af no -G- fe fi —-S asAAAnnann.oA7
A AAA aan Aeneas AAA AAA, BPS aE
Nags fe 2 PRA SAAR AAA A aAnans* ni VAY le, a Ven
ahaa A s ay N sx

AAAAA An _ aa

VN A pa al VA Ar. ROAR ES tn Ann a sa AA

anne ntieinaatn
ae SANTA annnnnas Aa WN eniias
A

4
a. SNA rc -\-\n a ~ Aaa
Aca aaa @aaaagesAsAdaacar acon |
Very db] AaAaaaanann 22 rAaas, ar VE AAAAAGIAS
lA a AN ~~ AAA AAAS cities |G alates
AR AS RRAARS~~a RABBARaaNASAAaaaAgaanArs 7a: +=
“A = jn Vs on fia f es Toa an 1 a | , awyony WAIN A ' a it =~ ee PS
AA Aas sna! -\- WAARAAAAA eC a's ac sBathenna™ ~7-
A AA a parr» AAARSARASAARAARARAANAAIA 0-0 Oo nn
Aa man Ane ARAAAnae x A NAAAAAAARAAS
VN: i\.\ A i A AANAANAA RAA AD Vn ANGI mA NAN A ia
Re G mA a) alz —~\ WAL N Ne + ‘\ yay : oN '
Ct r rel- BVA ON A> ee eS ee tems ES (UD & , yy VEN | Al CRA \ 7
Y aAAar fT - = rc ANAVAAAN Pola
ANAAS AGARNT AAA AAaAaaa AprAAD- NN oe
anlar ay ARM AanranaaaAs a RAAAA atl ay ab ~\¢ a
RAAAAAA Ere AaaAa ana. AAA? ana nannaaAnr ee
a AAR, ~—Aarl laa AY ABA aan eens
AAP PAAAARAAAARARAAAAs VA AAARAR AR Raa As. aa5. 0°
VN BAR Ve a A DAALE a = AANA ah BY > AF
3 ar” AAAA, 2! y aay AW WAAAY?
4 AAA = A 'AC cin: PE TN EN ~~
= = NAY Vert ; | on mA
AA AYN VA AAA. I2 Af al lalal\ VAAN Ae
ec = MN = ) Lo -™~ 7->~ _~ A ~ ~
f r Mp \ mia | , aA\. Nai 4 ‘A NIN; | NAA TA
Aa ARE Re RO AR AAA YO

)
)
2
»>

mp») Dw
Wy vo
)

r++ 5%) OD

»

yj
>»)

\»
D> >)

S

DV DP Dy.

))
_

>) BD)

LY WD)

IY)
DQ Dy.

»»)
D>) 3
Dy? 2

> D.

y

SA

PID) as
»)
o>
>» >
bYDD
»y»
» DD
D) )

» DD. DD 3
DA DW

)
<a) >) >
))
Dy
y
y
Dd
yy
)

Ly)

eX ae ae

yd pyr
VIW
yr.
» >
my)
zy
»> yy
wy Dw

By
»»
>» »>
ae
: aD >
YY DWV D>
Dy Wp
>»
22»
PP >)
D>
>
>
ye

D>
»

}
yy

>)

d

D> TDD Dy
YY DD 555
Di?) 2 ED)

i 4+
pi) Seay
yy

»
2»»y
I»y
¥ i »»>

i)

Jp)
J
y)
I»
p>»
2D,
2)
y)
»
>
»D
>» YY yD
pe! PY
Io»

A \
\ AANA AALS O. @alry Y
SN . a AM BAVA lS 4 Ta | : as! on Va
BARAARARRARAAZ A 5 AAA Anna Amen
Wy) |) AAA PAR AAA 2
ay A o os ‘4 n| i i a= A DE Ae > a) 8) NAYS ee /
me Ie an A AAA a PO CARA |
Aa amaacaecaesaalnamaa as AGRE Raeanr
NANA, ala a an I A, aya) Wome SPA AN Ay a) RA
eA “Ana AARe ARCO AANA AAA,
De all RA Nt Van Gl ai, poh la ay aes VPN cael a
PA

m | a ~
Ian naaaanaeacess
AAA BA Saantts

y

| &
REY VY ¥Y YY

\ vs Zi

YD DPIPDYD ©.» es
D>»

a »)

aw
7 Z A 227A 0, lon] Gale >
Raa aecr a AANA YW Nl A

ANAS aaa
al vy I

AAAS 13555 A: WAMMAAAAAN

AAAAAAA AN A seca VAY We
A ax VWOATAIARIAIa a ela] Aan
DAR RR AAA
ef F AD -

"i

3 P)YDD

>>)
Wer
ye
>) DBM)

Bs

%
D> | DP
DP)

»

)

YP EPI Ds IPD:

>
2
>> D>.
“6 3h
D>»
»D
»)

) 5)

2D
DD
> >)
»
> )

DD) DeE> >

yd» yp
)
»)
))
LAT
»)
»)
DD)

eh)

»

»
yy 2D DD
Dy) YD» dD

yD

>>

bs )»)

a

ay..
yd > Dp

_

; OD
by

2);
OQ Ope

IG
iy

we
») ID

»

YY a
yi»

ye eo es

DD
ID Fr

D> pPDLy yy pry dw

PPO
Po») >

i oe) 4
eae) 4
)»
D) 2
2».
Pp)
yD»
>)»
\) JD
PF 4
yy
Y.
y
B)
D)
D)
S)
P )
p
DJ
D>

ad

>>

DD
\»)

DD

py)

3
Sy

as

E ana) ~ Ran Ce f
a A ARDAAD ==:
Wane Aa Aa A A.
gaansean ANAM

A a a
saan AN AAA AAA

\
AA, A Cast ay
pot ay Ve a

yy

SD: ae

Wr yee»

»)
yy)
»y

»> 2

yD

te “sy
Dad

» J 5s) ; IY) i

==

tic

U

YD Dd

»)

B

> 2D 9d”
»») :

» sp
D»))

DY) yD >»
») ~)) D <

»

> 2» Dyes

ae 2»

y

i)

IY ID»>
DY ») D>
YR» Dy wD

DDD) 2D ™

»)

>
PE eu.

i)

DD py».

yyy Dy»
)

2)» »p,
rons
DWF
> By)
SH
|
PS DH

2
2
2
22>
D>» >

r

j
VIII y
ey)

7 a
VIAAAAAAAA An AA:

Waa AR AANA aa

&
‘ C

SoS

&
Ge ¢
C oN
c (eer
<CCGES

(Cs

La

as

4 «

TG AGE
C

Ng wy oe
Muvviiivesyy
CVF

. a G € S an ae :
, Cate
< <<
G

©€

C€
CE
CC.
CE]
ei

CCC

COC CE a

A w/w
A ct IS

| ESS © ©
a APA he et: OwWOee UU
Oey COS CMC Cine
hl hh Sade =
che eeee WEULIUS ve aue" vv weed! z
IGA, Sh <4 DAD dete :
I eke

&

= S\ Gay + we

MOO Geese eSag eS ig
IRSA A POSSESS WE se
v : $s aA a AS ad | Ee) :
4 Sa ree NY 1
Ohi ieee eds eee oe :
MOONY

¥ ws, we Jee as
See Oe SEESEELE Bae or

ce CC «

t CC Ga €
i Geer
aaa

a

c< (
C< af
rare a
"€ €
t (

. ae

i

G

= SUG ;
Ae veel viuey

¥ owe y 5 XE Ee at SA “Ss oS moe uuu J
| Bi vy
Sug occe ew CUUteR Ye seouseviee. vi

CO

| ; gh ‘ Byey eu ~SSY
= : Wey
SSAA WSLS

és

r aC Ga ac Pie
COCR

a Qe €

CO (
C CC
c aGS

= pe. ~ :
Set SI IIe Via vie Wei ow
MINAS ~ \ Aegis) SSS SSNS
VEY actos Adi wee
Reber ha

~
ey ve Se ‘catacseh

COG

Nodes
We

¢
COTQaGéeE SS

w/

AGILE
PSUS
—_

/

Qe

C7 CC Ce OC